1. Europe and North America in the Postwar Years
CHAPTER 31
4/12/2017
CHAPTER 31
Europe and North America in the Postwar Years
Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe
Section 2: Origins of the Cold War
Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Section 4: The United States and Canada

2. Aftermath of the War in Europe
Section 1:
Aftermath of the War in Europe
Objectives:
Describe the origins of the postwar settlement for Europe.
Explain why Germany was divided into four occupation zones and what developed as a result.
Explore how the United Nations is organized.
Identify the problems the Allies faced in keeping the peace.

3. Wartime Conferences and Postwar Problems
Section 1:
Aftermath of the War in Europe
Wartime Conferences and Postwar Problems
Tehran, Yalta
Disagreements between “Big Three,” plans for United Nations

4. The Occupation of Germany
Section 1:
Aftermath of the War in Europe
The Occupation of Germany
Decisions at Potsdam – Allied Control Council, Council of Foreign Ministers
Redrawing borders – increased population in Germany
Demilitarization and reparations
The Nürnberg trials – Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace and humanity

5. Aftermath of the War in Europe
Section 1:
Aftermath of the War in Europe
The United Nations
General Assembly – any nation could join and have same voting rights as others
Security Council – ten temporary members and five permanent ones; veto power

6. Aftermath of the War in Europe
Section 1:
Aftermath of the War in Europe
Peacemaking Problems
Soviet Union and Western Allies had conflicting goals
Soviets wanted communist-controlled governments

7. SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
Question:
What were the purposes and results of the wartime conferences?

8. SECTION 1 Aftermath of War in Europe Purpose Result Yalta Conference
ensure lasting peace, decide how to deal with defeated nations
decided to establish UN and to partition Germany
Allied Control Council
to oversee temporary German government
members deadlocked on decisions; each ended up governing its own zone
United Nations
to prevent another war
41 nations drafted charter; members worked together to avoid conflict

9. Origins of the Cold War Objectives: Section 2:
Examine how and why the alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended.
Investigate how the United States attempted to stop the spread of communism and aid Europe.
Describe how Germany became two separate countries.
Identify the Cold War alliances that developed in Europe.

10. Origins of the Cold War The End of the Alliance Section 2:
Struggle between communism and democracy
Cold War – war of ideas and worldviews waged by two superpowers

11. The United States Aids Europe
Section 2:
Origins of the Cold War
The United States Aids Europe
The Truman Doctrine – United States committed to restricting spread of communism
The Marshall Plan – removal of trade barriers to provide economic aid

12. Origins of the Cold War The Cold War in Europe Section 2:
Eastern and Central Europe – Soviet Union overthrew Czechoslovakia and forced communism on them
Problems in Germany – three Western powers united their zones; Soviets opposed unification and blockaded border into West Berlin
The division of Germany – Western Allies approved formation of West Germany; Soviet Union formed East Germany

13. NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Section 2:
Origins of the Cold War
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
NATO – twelve Western nations signed treaty to protect each other, others soon joined
Warsaw Pact – Eastern bloc nations’ mutual defense program, troops outnumbered NATO troops

14. meant to pro- vide protection for member nations in case of attack
SECTION 2
Origins of the Cold War
NATO
Both
Warsaw Pact
members relied heavily on U.S. nuclear weapons as a deterrent to aggression
meant to pro- vide protection for member nations in case of attack
members pledged to supply troops in proportion to their population in case of attack

15. Objectives: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Section 3:
Describe the West German “miracle.”
Explain why the British met with mixed success in stimulating economic growth.
Explore how France maintained an independent position in European affairs.
Analyze how the Soviet Union changed under new leadership.
Identify the problems Eastern European nations faced.

16. The West German “Miracle”
Section 3:
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
The West German “Miracle”
West German economic recovery – free-market policy, reconstruction and industrial development progressed rapidly
Politics – stable democracy; committed to market economy; encouraged East Germans to escape to West Germany

17. Postwar Britain Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Section 3:
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Postwar Britain
Loss of workers and colonies
Cost of overseas commitments
Shift from coal to oil and nuclear power

18. New Republics in France
Section 3:
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
New Republics in France
De Gaulle helped to transform French empire into voluntary association of self-governing nations
Political instability led people to reject reforms

19. Western Europe and Integration
Section 3:
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Western Europe and Integration
Recovery elsewhere in Europe – democracies in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; free-enterprise systems in Greece, Portugal, and Spain
Economic integration – Common Market, European Community

20. The Soviet Union After Stalin
Section 3:
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
The Soviet Union After Stalin
Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s policies, made economic reforms
Innovations in military and space technology
Evolved into modern industrial society

21. Eastern Europe Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Section 3:
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Eastern Europe
Collectivization delayed economic recovery
Lower living standards than in the West
Dissatisfaction with communism

22. SECTION 3
Israel and the Occupied Territories
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Question:
What were the results of economic policies in western Europe?

23. SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories
Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe
Economic policies
Results
West Germany
free market economy
“miracle” recovery
Great Britain
welfare state
slow economic growth, low productivity
France
help from Marshall Plan
slow recovery, political instability
Other Western European Nations
varied; generally focused on free-enterprise system
varied; differing rates of political and economic stability

24. The United States and Canada
Section 4:
The United States and Canada
Objectives:
Examine the major domestic problems the United States faced in the postwar era.
Investigate how the policy of containment led to foreign conflicts.
Identify the challenges the Canadian people responded to in the postwar era.

25. Domestic Challenges Face the United States
Section 4:
The United States and Canada
Domestic Challenges Face the United States
The economy and the Cold War at home – new industries, new construction, economic growth; anticommunist hysteria, McCarthyism
Domestic reforms and civil rights – war on poverty; NAACP; public school integration; Martin Luther King, Jr.

26. Foreign Policy and the Cold War
Section 4:
The United States and Canada
Foreign Policy and the Cold War
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – to halt communist advances
Eisenhower Doctrine – economic and military assistance to noncommunist nations in Middle East
Cuba turned to Soviet Union for support against United States, resulting in Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War – sparked frustration, discontent, and antiwar protest in United States

27. The United States and Canada
Section 4:
The United States and Canada
Canada’s Challenges
Economic and agricultural growth, as well as industrial growth
French Quebec wanted to separate from rest of Canada

28. Question: What were the results of the policy of containment?
SECTION 4
The United States and Canada
Question:
What were the results of the policy of containment?

29. SECTION 4 The United States and Canada Policies and Actions Purpose
Results
police action in Korea
to stop spread of communism
nuclear arms competition
SEATO
fear and discontent within the U.S.
Eisenhower Doctrine
invasion of Cuba
involvement in Vietnam

30. Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 31
1. How effective were command economies in the postwar era?
2. What problems regarding democracy did the separatist movement in Canada raise?
3. What sort of protests did civil rights activists rely upon in the 1960s?