1. Rebellion & reform- Upper & Lower Canada 1815-1855
Chapter 1 & 2- Class Notes
Rebellions of Upper & Lower Canada
British North America
Responsible Government

2. Unit objectives:
Identify the geography, way of life, concerns & interests of the peoples of Upper (U/C) & Lower Canada (L/C);
Explain the concepts of “responsible” and “representative” government;
Identify & explain the concepts of political protest, reform, rebellion, & resolution;
Account for the events leading up to and including the rebellions in the U/C & L/C;
Compare and contrast the concerns of the peoples of U/C & L/C;

3. More Unit objectives:
Examine the roles of Mackenzie, Papineau, Howe, Fontaine, Baldwin, Durham, & Elgin in the rebellions & aftermath;
Compare & contract the Constitutional Act of 1791 & Act of Union, 1841;
Explain & assess the Durham Report & its recommendations
Compare & contrast the governments of the 18th & 19th centuries with Canada today
Formative Evaluation: Will be ongoing an include C.A.R.E.S connections and assessments, various exit slips, and critical thinking diagrams
Summative Evaluation: Unit will be concluded by a an essay-format test that draws off these learning objectives.....the week of March 2nd

4. Creating a T-Chart Organizer:
We will create an on going T-Chart to help organize your notes- other Graphic Organizers will all be offered as we move along!
T-Chart: Compare & Contrast/Similarities & Differences
Concepts compared are Upper Canada (UC) & Lower Canada (LC)
Similarities & Differences:
1. Geography- Human & Physical
2. Government-U/C & L/C
3. People- Way of Life & Background
4. Concerns- Political/Social/Economic
5. Family Compact & Chateau Clique
6. Reformers- Papineau & Mackenzie
7. Aftermath

5. I. Geography of Upper and Lower Canada
Borders what is now New Brunswick; northeast area of United States; & Great lakes
Upper Canada- Southern Ontario
Lower Canada- Quebec and Newfoundland
Remember- “Up” the river and “down” the river
Upper and Lower Canada both British Colonies
Created by Constitutional Act, 1791
Lower Canada mainly French speaking “Canadiens”
Upper Canada mainly English speaking people

6. Map of Upper & Lower Canada
Copy Diagram- next page…..
unless you still have your
Map of Canada from Term 1-
that I told you to keep!

8. II. Government in Upper & Lower Canada- Constitutional Act, 1791
Copy Diagram- next page.

10. Government in Upper Canada Continued.....
Governor-British appointed
Legislative Council- English-speaking merchants & land owners; friends of Governor; appointed not elected; veto power
Legislative Assembly- voted by citizens- (male property owners) government was representative
Two political parties dominated:
Family Compact- Wealthy British Tories (conservatives)
Reformers- Intellectuals & professionals

11. Government in Lower Canada
Governor-British appointed
Legislative Council- ALL English-speaking merchants and seigneurs; friends of Governor; appointed not elected; veto power
Legislative Assembly voted by citizens- representative
Two political parties dominated- Chateau Clique, Parti Canadien (Parti Patriote)
Chateau Clique- Wealthy British and French who supported British rule; true power brokers
Parti Canadien- Wealthy and poor French; early separatists; intellectuals & professionals; unhappy with power

12. GOVERNMENT OF UPPER & LOWER CANADA- SUMMARY
Government of Lower Canada
Established by Constitutional act in 1791
Power limited by governors and councils
Members of legislative councils were voted in for life
English concerns were usually different from French concerns
The group with the most power was Chateau Clique
Believed that power should be in hands of a few capable people
Wanted the Roman Catholic church to stay power
Government of Upper Canada
In 1830 government remained the same as the constitutional act in 1791
Two political groups the Tories and the Reformers
Appointed Legislative council to Executive council
Elected the Legislative Assembly
The group with the most power was the Family Compact

13. III. People, Way of Life, Concerns

14. PEOPLE OF LOWER CANADA? Lower Canada
Population increased from: in 1806 to in 1841 (under 3x’s)
Very high birth rates among French speaking population
In addition British and American immigrants settled the eastern townships that had been set aside for English speaking farmers
Britain, British rule and traditions were a direct threat to their cultural existence
Habitant: (French) tenant farmer; rent land; poor
Seigneur: (French) land owner; wealthy and powerful
Merchant: (English) business owner; fur & timber industry; wealthy and powerful
Professionals: (French & English) doctors, lawyers, etc.; middle class; seeking democracy

15. CONCERNS in Lower Canada
British merchants wanted to increase taxes for canals, harbors and roads for merchant use- few roads were built to help farmers
Increased immigration from Great Britain began to threaten French culture and language
1832, immigrant ship brought disease cholera, killed 5500
Legislative assembly(French-speaking) hard to make laws
1836- crops failed- Canadians face starvation
1837- economic depression- English merchants blamed

16. PEOPLE OF UPPER CANADA. Upper Canada
Before 1812 Loyalists- Pro British settled upper Canada
After 1812 a wave of settlers from great Great Britain Great Migration took their place- from Ireland, Wales, Scotland, England
Brought virtues of limiting absolute power and importance of parliament democracy in making decisions
Population increased from: in 1806 to in 1841 (almost 6x’s)
Pioneer homestead start from scratch and forced native inland – new farms evolved
Most inhabitants were subsistence farmers meaning they only farm for their family
Main towns- Kingston & York-was renamed Toronto
Need for transportation – roads, canals

17. CONCERNS in upper Canada
Responsible government was the major concern!
Continued immigration to increase the English presence in Canada
New immigrants from Great Britain bringing values of parliamentary democracy
Reduction in the role of Church of England in taxes and affairs
Reducing the power of values of traditionalism and conservatism
Stronger voice for Elected Assembly
Reduce voice for the Family Compact
No veto powers

18. Peoples' history of canada Rebellion & Reform- episode 7
The Angry Men:
1. What role did William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis Joseph Papineau, & Joseph Howe play in the movement for reform in B.N.A. Colonies during the 1830`s?
2. What did Mackenzie mean by the term Family Compact? Why did he oppose it?
3. Did this type of group exist in other B.N.A. colonies as well?
B-ritish
N-orth
A-merica

19. IV. Political problems & Rebellion:

20. FAMILY COMPACT Small group of powerful people in Upper Canada
As well as friends and supporters known as Tories
Didn’t want US government to be part of Canadian government
Defended tradition and conservative values
Believed power should be in the hands of few capable people (themselves)
They had power to stop any laws passed by the legislative assembly
Believed Church of England should have power
Loyal to Great Britain concept of monarchy rule

21. Mackenzie & Upper Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie led the Reformers against the Family Compact
Did not support the Constitution Act of 1791
Believed in responsible govt.
Demanded 2 constitutional reforms
Elected Legislative Council
Executive council responsible to Assembly
Reformers were against
Clergy Reserves,
Land grants to the oligarchies,
Influence of the Church of England
Power of the Banks

22. Armed Rebellion of Upper Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie turned people against government in Northern Toronto
Used newspaper Colonial Advocate to challenge government
Radicals wanted upper Canada like the American government
December 5, 1837 Mackenzie led 800 men down Yonge street in Toronto
In the United States Sir Francis bond head tried to raise an army to liberate upper Canada giving 120 hectares of land for whoever would join him
Caught for breaking legal neutrality between Canada and the US- jailed 11 months

23. Papineau & Lower Canada
Louis-Joseph Papineau was Legislative Assembly member & leader- and wealthy seigneur official who led the Parti Patriote reformers
Had strong support of French land owning and political elite
Strong supporter of the old French order in Lower Canada- also Republican style government
Led cultural conflict between French & English dominated the Assembly, Councils
Created the 92 Resolutions- making government more respectful of cultural differences
Started revolt in 1837 & 1838
Papineau fled to USA, then France, returned & Pardoned in 1845

24. THE UNREST IN LOWER CANADA
French and English speaking merchants wanted different things for lower Canada
Merchants wanted to improve roads, canals and harbours
Immigration caused problems
Chateau Clique was encouraging immigration from great Britain
In 1832 and immigrant ship brought a deadly disease, cholera
The disease 5500 victims

25. The Armed Rebellion In Lower Canada
British Army versus Patriote Army (Rebels)
Began on November 23, 1837 at St. Denis; rebel victory
Rebels built a fortress at St. Charles to fight the British but lost there and later at Saint-Eustache – Baker's Farm – Lacolle – Odelltown & Beauharnois
Papineau fled to U.S
After all the fighting 12 were hanged 58 were sent to Australia and 12 hundred were set free.

26. The armed Rebellion in Upper and Lower Canada
An armed conflict between lower Canada and the British Colonial, power of that province
The political leader was Joseph Papinea
The Canadians were ready to fight on November 1837
British troops charged and the Rebellions lost
The largest battle was held at St. Eustach on December 14, 1837
The Rebel leader, Dr. J.Q. Chenier along with rebels died
The British robbed and burned their village
Upper Canada
Rebellion against the British colonial government in 1837 and 1838
After the war of 1812 family compact owned most land “Crown Reserves” and “Protestant Clergy”
The lower Canada broke out in autumn 1837 Bond Head sent all British troops to help suppress it
Short Fight (less than 30 minutes) the battle finished and the rebel forces retreated
1860’s former rebels compensated by the Canadian government

27. Peoples' history of canada Rebellion & Reform- episode 7
Horrible Year:
1. What were the two competing parties in Montreal in the 1830’s?
2. Why did the struggle between them frequently take a violent form?
3. What cause the cholera outbreak in 1832?
4. What methods did local authorities take to control the disease?

28. The aftermath- lord durham & his report- act of union

29. Aftermath of the rebellion
Lower Canada became even worse than before the rebellion
Upper Canada afraid to speak out because moderate reformers were branded as rebels
Prime minister decided to send Lord Durham as Governor General
Upper Canada was very short and disorganized
London government was concerned about Rebellion
Bond Head was recalled in 1837 he was replaced with Sir George Arthur
Lord Durham was assigned to report grievances among the colonists and find a way to appease them
Lord Durham’s report led to the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the province of Canada in 1840

30. Lord Durham And his Report
John George Lambton (Lord Durham) sent to Quebec City as governor general.
Suggested solutions for rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada.
Wrote “report on Affairs of British Canada” also known as Durham report
"[In Lower Canada] I expected to find a contest between a government and its people: I found two nations warring in the bosom of a single state" Lord Durham
Recommended assimilating the French Canadians — whom he called "a people with no literature and no history"
Named “Radical Jack” in British House of Commons because of radical policies.
Upper and Lower Canada unite and become one colony, called United Province of Canada - would unite English speaking people, would give them majority in gov’t
New colony should have responsible government - Local powers handled by colony: Imperial powers written, Governor advised by Executive Council only.

31. The Act of Union, 1841

32. LORD DURHAM’S REPORT Two Major recommendations in his report are:
The two colonies should become one called the United Province of Canada
The United Colony should have a responsible government
The British imperial powers(?) should be sent out in writing. All other legal power(?)
Would be handled by the colonies Executive council and would be advised
The governor stayed neutral but signed things by the executive council
The executive council was not picked from the government but was chosen by leaders of other groups (legislative assembly) this is called “Responsible government”
Members of the executive council would stay in the council if half of the legislative assembly supports them
Personal Information
Arrived in Quebec city as a governor general of British north America in 1838
Interested in education the poor

33. The Act of Union, 1841
Aim: create single government, establish English as official language
Was first step toward Confederation
Canada was split as Canada West (Upper Canada) and Canada East (Lower Canada, Ontario)
In 1847, Lord Elgin became governor
Executive Council/Cabinet got most power and are responsible to Legislative Assembly
Many members formed political parties to achieve power.
Nova Scotia:1847, New Brunswick: 1854, Newfoundland:1855, Prince Edward Island: Received responsible gov’t in these years.

34. II. Government in united canada- Act of union, 1840
Copy Diagram- next page

36. THE ACT OF UNION (1841)
Since the Rebellion wanted a better and responsible government British passed a law called the Act of Union
British government acted on one of Lord Durham’s recommendations
The act of union joined in Upper and Lower Canada as the united province
The two aims of the British were to control the two colonies of Canada into one and give the English people control of the newly named colony and to have a new colony with a responsible government
They also established English as the official language of government

37. Peoples' history of canada Rebellion & Reform- episode 7
Union of the Canadas:
1. What two recommendations did Lord Durham make for the colonies?
2. What was the disagreement between Haliburton & Howe?
How did the settle their differences?
3. What problem did Lafontaine face and how did Baldwin help him solve it?

38. Rebellions upper and lower canada 1837 & 1838
Key Events In Canadian History Which influenced The Nation We Have Today

39. SUMMARY: Upper Canada William Lyon Mackenzie The Reformers
Vs. Family Compact
Lower Canada
Louis Joseph Papineau
The Patriots
Vs. Chateau Clique
Protesting against the Oligarchies control
Desired a Responsible Government
Wanted less Church control
Assembly had to approve taxes or no collection would occur

40. Lord Durham’s Report Durham's Recommendations
to unite Upper and Lower Canada to make the French a minority
to assimilate or anglicize the French majority in Lower Canada
to grant responsible government
Consequences of Durham's Recommendations
Upper and Lower Canada were united in 1840
Responsible government was granted in 1848 leading to Confederation in 1867
Created the roots of today’s French ‘separatism’

41. Rebellions Losses Bill 1849
Reformers controlled the Assembly, their bill
sought to compensate those in what had been Lower Canada for damages that resulted from the rebellions.
was controversial because the Tories objected that many of the claimants were former rebels who were against the Crown.
was well received by French Canadians, but British elements opposed it so strongly that they attacked Elgin and burned the parliament building down in Montreal

42. Confederation 1867
The Province of Canada, (Ontario & Quebec) New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island- 1867
A system based on British Parliament
Proposed limited central government balanced by provincial power
“Rep by pop” House of Commons and the Senate represented regions
Called for a two-chamber (bicameral) parliament, including a (appointed) senate and a (elected) house of commons.

43. Copy Diagram- next page
Government in Canada- British north America act, 1867 (Canada act, 1867)
Copy Diagram- next page

46. post unit essay Test questions:
Copy down the following questions:
What was the Act of Union and how did it help to unite the Canada?
Who was Lord Durham? Why is he significant in Canadian History? How did his report help form the identity and culture of Canada?
Why was their unrest in Upper and Lower Canada? How did this unrest lead to the Rebellions of ?
What was the government in Upper Canada? What was the government in Lower Canada? Were they similar? Different? How so?
Compare and contrast government as established by the Constitutional Act, Act of Union, and BNA.

47. The end!