2.   The Romans  Julius Caesar invades Britannia 55-54 BC  The Saxons  Departure of Romans in A.D. 410  Saxons, Angles, and Jutes  Britain became England  The Vikings  Invasion begins in the 9 th Century Background of England

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4.   The Romans  The Franks  The Vikings  The Duchy of Normandy Background of Normandy

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6.  Why the battle happened?  King Ethelred the Unready(978)  Married Emma (1007)  Alfred, Edward, and Goodwife  King Canute (1016)  Also King of Denmark  King Hardecante (1035)  Alfred murdered (1036)  Edward became Heir  King Hardecante died (1042)  The Godwins  Godwin  Edith married Edward (1045)  Eustace involved in a fracas (1051)  Edward ordered the town be burned  Godwin refused  William the Duke of Normandy  Godwin returned  Harold Godwinson became King Harold II (1066)

7.   William the Conqueror was the first to completely take over Britain  Dramatically altered the history of Europe  Demonstrates a successful Amphibious Operation Significance

8.  Leaders King Harold II  Defeated the Wales in a series of campaigns (1062-63) William I  Began fighting battles at the age of 19  Secured Normandy in 1047 after The Battle of Val-ès-Dunes

9.  Comparing Forces English  6000 Fyrd  40 day militea  Farming tools  Kite shields  1200 Housecarls  Bill and Spears  Kite Shields  Possibly a few archers  No Cavalry Normans  700 ships  7500 Infantry  Battleaxe or Lance  Kite Shield  3600 Knights  Battleaxe, Spear, and Sword  Kite Shield  1000 Archers  100 yard range

10.   September 1066  Harald Hardrada  Tostig Godwinson  Ended 25 September Norwegian Invasion

11.   28 September – Landed near Pevensey  Harold rushed south  William set up camp overlooking Hasting  13 October Harold lead his troop to Senlac Hill 7 miles NW of Hastings  William went on the defense Norman Invasion

12.  14 October 1066

13.   No statistics  Reinforcement arrived  Marched to London  Saxon delegation surrender to William in Berkhamstead  William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066  Later defeated the Scots and Welsh The Aftermath

14.  Levels of War King Harold II  Policy  Protect England  Strategic  Destroy Enemy  Operational  Senlac Hill  Tactical  Ambush William the Conqueror  Policy  Conquer England  Strategic  Take London  Operational  Land forces at Pevensey  Tactical  Offensive/Defense

15.   The Landing Itself Is Rarely the Key Problem  The Amphibious Invasion Is a Means to an End, Not an End in Itself  The Influence of Terrain and Geography Themes of Amphibious Operations

16.  Offensive Fundamentals Good  Orient on the enemy  Gain and maintain contact  Develop the situation  Concentrate superior firepower at the decisive time and place  Exploit known enemy weaknesses  Gain and retain the initiative  Neutralize the enemy’s ability to react  Advance by fire and maneuver  Maintain momentum.  Act quickly  Exploit success  Be flexible  Be aggressive  Provide for the security of the force Bad  Achieve surprise  Seize or control key terrain