1. The Mexican Revolutions

2. HISTORICAL SURVEY 1810-1815 Hidalgo and Morelos
Independence Revolution.
Early Republican Period.
Liberal Reforma.
Positivist Porfiriato.
Mexican Revolution.
1934 to present Post-Revolutionary Mexico.

3. EARLY REPUBLICAN ( )
Conservative Agustin De Iturbide Empire.
General Antonio de Santa Ana dominated Mexican politics - caudillo
After abolishing the federal constitution, he faced rebellions in Texas and Yucatan.
1836 Texan militias defeated the Mexican Army
1845 Texas voted to join the United States.
conflict with Texas led to the Mexican-American War US gained the territories of Utah, Calif., Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico & Colorado

4. EARLY REPUBLICAN
In 1855, Santa Anna was defeated by the Liberals, and a new constitution was approved in 1857.
The opposition of the Catholic Church led to the War of Reform ( ), in which the Liberals under the leadership of Benito Juarez seized control of the national government.
La Reforma was interrupted by the French occupation, and the installation of Maximilian as emporer
Once again, the Liberals recovered power under the leadership of Benito Juarez, who became President of Mexico until his death in 1872.

5. La Reforma Major goals of this movement were: redistribution of land
separation of church and state
increased educational opportunities for the poor.
Accomplishments:
abolished clerical and communal properties
abolished separate military and religious courts
Mexican Constitution of 1857, guaranteeing many civil and political liberties including: freedom of religion & separation of church and state.
Paseo de la Reforma- Mexico City's main avenue, is now named after the Reforma.

6. Causes of the Mexican Revolution
After losing the national elections, in 1877
staged a coup, and became the supreme leader of Mexico
Ruled until the Revolution in 1910.
Porfirio Díaz ( )

7. THE PORFIRIATO - the thirty three years of Porfirio Diaz
The Mexican economy expanded and the central state solidified – but wages declined
Yet, the social costs were staggering. In 1910, 97% of Mexican peasants did not have land.
Much of the progress was achieved through foreign investment, especially British and American capital.
Foreign capital also modernized the infrastructure, and introduced new technologies.
In spite of economic growth, the Diaz regime was very repressive and undemocratic, creating opposition fronts in many different places
Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850

8. THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION
Several forces opposed the Porfiriato:
The Southern Army, led by Emiliano Zapata, and responding to peasant and indigenous demands for land.
The Constitutionalist Army, led by Venustiano Carranza.
The Northern Army, led by Pancho Villa.

9. THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION
In 1910, moderate politician Francisco Madero defeated Diaz, under the banner of “Effective Suffrage, No Reelection”.
He was assasinated in 1913, and Porfirian General Victoriano Huerta started a counterrevolution.
A year later, he was defeated by the Constitutional Army of Venustiano Carranza, in association with the so-called Northwest Group.
Carranza was responsible for the preparation of the 1917 Constitution.

10. Start of the Revolution
Election of 1910
Francisco Madero ran against Díaz
Díaz had Madero arrested on election day
Madero called for Díaz to be overthrown
Movement supported by peasants and the middle class
Díaz forced to resign in May 1911
Francisco Madero ( )

11. Mexican Revolutionaries (1910)
Pancho Villa
Francisco Madero

12. The Revolution Spreads
Madero was unprepared
Lack of land reforms led to open rebellion
Emiliano Zapata
“Land and Liberty”
Pancho Villa
Madero was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913
Madero was eventually assassinated
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Mural to Zapata in Cuba

13. Map of the Revolution

14. The Revolution Continues
Huerta was opposed by a coalition led by Venustiano Carranza (top), Alvaro Obregón (bottom), Villa, Zapata, etc.
Huerta was overthrown in 1914
Carranza appealed to masses
Mexican Constitution of 1917
Villa and Zapata continued to rebel until 1919 and 1920
Carranza was overthrown in 1920
Replaced by Obregon ( )

15. Timeline of the Revolution

16. Women in the Revolution
Intellectuals
Called for equal rights, women’s suffrage, and other reforms
Often endured threats, imprisonment, etc.
Soldaderas
Served as nurses, cooks, foraged for food, washed clothes and other services
Served in the rebel army and the federal army
Women Soldiers

17. Women in the Revolution

18. Women in the Revolution

19. Aftermath of Revolution
Over one million people died
Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy, intellectual leadership, or political parties
Farming, ranching, and mining economies were destroyed
Oil industry improved during revolution
No major bank or newspaper survived

20. Constitution of 1917 Conferred strong powers to the president
Laid basis for land reform
No major redistribution until 1934
Government ownership of mineral and water resources
New labor laws
No major labor laws until 1931
Placed restrictions on the church and clergy
Church went on strike in 1926

21. Aftermath Continued Alvaro Obregón (1920-1924)
Built schools and encouraged nationalism
Diego Rivera
Mexico becomes a single-party system
Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI)
Dominated politics until 2000
Lázaro Cárdenas ( )
Redistributed 45 million acres of land
253 million would be redistributed by 1984
Promoted economic nationalism
Nationalized railroads (1937) and oil (1938)

22. Diego Rivera

23. Diego Rivera