1. French and Indian War

2. European Competition
All four leading powers are in a struggle for control
England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands
Greatest rival for the English in North America was the French.
France controlled a vast majority of the interior territory from the St. Lawrence River to the Gulf of Mexico.

3. French Presence in the New World

4. British and French Conflicts
Between 1689 and 1748, there was a series of wars fought between the British and the French.
Most of the fighting took place in Europe but each war ended with a treaty that did not really change anything.
Eventually, war reached North America and the colonists were drawn into war.

5. Native American Influence
The British knew that in order to drive the French out of North America, they had to get rid of French advantages.
Relationship with the Native Americans
Native Americans, who inhabited the regions between the two competing powers received many generous gifts from both powers.
Weapons, ammunition

6. Canasatego, Iroquois Leader July 7, 1742
“We know our Lands are now become more valuable. The white People think we do not know their value; but we are sensible [aware] that the Land is everlasting, and the few Goods we receive for it are soon worn out that gone…Besides, we are not well used [treated] with respect to the lands still unsold by us. Your people daily settle on these lands, and spoil our hunting…your horses and cows have eaten the grass our deer used to feed on.”

7. Native American Influence
Native Americans wanted to continue to receive gifts from both powers
Required a balance of power between the two
Balance between France and Britain began to shift as the British population in the colonies grew.
French colonists were greatly outnumbered by the British colonists by 1754
British began treating the Native Americans very harshly and began taking even more land.

8. Native American Influence
The French showed more restraint
Treated Natives with respect and generosity in comparison to how they were treated by the British
French helped hold off British colonial expansion
Established forts along territorial boundaries
Manned and protected by the Native Americans

9. Ohio River Valley A point of conflict between Britain and France
Both powers claimed the area, but it was largely unsettled
Fort Duquesne built by the French to discourage British settlement.
Angered the British, especially Robert Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia.
Sent troops to remove the French from the fort in 1754, led by George Washington.

10. Fort Duquesne

11. Washington’s Attack
Washington’s attack on a small French force was successful
French counterattack forced Washington to surrender.
Defeat sparked the French and Indian War, known as the Seven Years War in Europe.

12. French & Indian War- Initial Battles
Britain initially did poorly in the war
Britain was able to evict French troops from an area near Nova Scotia
Britain encountered defeat when troops marched into a French and Indian ambush near Fort Duquesne.
French destroyed British forts, Indians raided British settlements.
British cut off French shipping to the Americas, which caused some Natives to change sides for the better supplied British.

13. End to War British gained control of French forts and Montreal.
Forced French governor general to surrender the rest of Canada
Accomplished their major goal
Treaty of Paris (1763)- ended the war between France and Britain.
Canada, Ohio River Valley, Great Lakes Region, and Florida were given to British
Mississippi River marked boundary between British and Spanish in North America

14. Aftermath of the French and Indian War

15. Native American Reactions
Surrender of Canada to the British was bad news for the Indians of the interior.
Indians could not play the French and British off of one another anymore.

16. British Reactions Cut off supply of goods to the Indians
Settlers flooded into Indian areas and took the land.
Many Indian tribes were affected

17. Pontiac’s Rebellion
Native Americans attacked and captured many British forts
Native Americans raided British settlements
Uprising called Pontiac’s Rebellion
Goals:
Weaken British
Bring French back into North America
Natives failed to gain control of the three largest British ports: Detroit, Niagara, and Fort Pitt, formally known as Fort Duquesne.

18. End of the Rebellion
Because supply lines were cut, Indians were unable to resupply ammunition and gun powder.
Caused an end to the rebellion
New British commander, Thomas Cage, interested in respecting Natives
Natives and the British made peace
British restraint, Proclamation of 1763

19. Proclamation of 1763
Called for colonial settlers to remain east of the Appalachian Mountains
“And whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our Interest, and to the Security of our Colonies,…the several Nations or Tribes of Indians with whom We are connected, and who live under our Protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the Possession of such Parts of our Dominions and Territories as…are reserved to them, or any of them, as their Hunting Grounds.”

20. Effects of the Proclamation of 1763
Troops were outnumbered by colonists, so they were not really able to limit expansion
Destroyed cabins built by colonists, colonists rebuilt them
Colonists were irritated by Britain’s attempt to control their expansion and settlement

21. War Aftermath Tensions between Britain and the colonies increased
Britain wanted more control of the colonies
Britain wanted help paying war debts
Albany Plan of Union: drafted by Benjamin Franklin, plan called for colonies to unite under British rule and cooperate with one another
Created American continental assembly
Plan failed
Britain imposed new taxes and regulations on the colonies
Angered colonists