1. Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict Study Presentation

2. Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: The Road to War The Road to WarThe Road to War Section 2: The War on the Battlefield The War on the BattlefieldThe War on the Battlefield Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier Life for the Civil War SoldierLife for the Civil War Soldier Section 4: Life During the Civil War Life During the Civil WarLife During the Civil War

3. Section 1: The Road to War Essential Question –What strategies were selected to win the Civil War?

4. Section 1: The Road to War What words do I need to know? –conscription –blockade –blockade runner –King Cotton Diplomacy –strategy

5. The War Begins April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T. Beauregard leads bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston HarborFort Sumter Federal troops and laborers inside Fort Sumter surrender on April 13 Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia secede from the Union President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and protect Washington

6. Assembling Armies Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later men were conscripted (drafted to serve in the armies)conscripted Some men received bounties (money) to sign up; some signed up, received the bounty, then deserted Poorer men sometimes accepted money to fight in place of wealthier men who didn’t want to serve

7. Resources, North and South North had more people from which to create and resupply armies North had more factories, better railroad system, and most of the nation’s farms and wealthfactories South had more experienced military leaders, and were highly motivated to defend their familiar homeland to win independence

8. Blockade Strategy Union blockaded all Southern ports to prevent cotton exports and imports of weaponry from foreign countries Privately operated blockade runners successfully slipped past Union ships to ship goods to and from Europe during the war The Union Navy included many ironclads (armored ships) ironclads

9. Other Wartime Strategies “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze Confederacy to death by capturing the Mississippi River and cutting off Louisiana, Texas, and ArkansasAnaconda Plan Capturing Richmond, the capital, might have ended the war early, but General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army prevented that for years

10. Late War Strategy Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would call for an end to the warLay waste General William T. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia was successful in the “lay waste to land” strategy

11. Southern Strategies Wear down the Union armies, which would hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war Use swift raiders to help break the Union blockade King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop exports to England and France to inspire those nations to help break the Union blockade; France and England instead starting importing Egyptian cottonKing Cotton Diplomacy Click to return to Table of Contents.

12. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield ESSENTIAL QUESTION –What were the major battles that took place in Georgia?

13. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield What words do I need to know? –Chickamauga –Atlanta Campaign –Emancipation Proclamation

14. Freeing the Slaves Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862Emancipation Proclamation Document gave the Southern Confederacy a choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or keep fighting and slaves would be forever free Deadline was January 1, 1863 The Confederate leaders continued the war and the slaves were declared free by the United States government in 1863

15. The Fall of Fort Pulaski More than 100 battles or skirmishes in Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island Fort Pulaski Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare for the first time; the Confederates surrendered the fort in less than two days No brick American forts were built after this battle

16. The Battle of Chickamauga September 1863 Seven miles south of Chattanooga, TennesseeChattanooga Chattanooga was major railroad center Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up on their victory Union reinforcements later recaptured Chattanooga

17. The Atlanta Campaign Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s Union Army fought series of battles against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army Confederates continued to retreat further southward into Georgia June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman lost but continued toward Atlanta Kennesaw Mountain July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then concentrated defenses in Atlanta

18. The Battle of Atlanta Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight, but that didn’t work Fighting continued during July and August 1864Fighting Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the city on September 1 Sherman burns the city in mid-November then begins his march toward Savannah and the sea

19. The March to the Sea Sherman’s Union army destroys everything in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed, and ruined during a two-month period Estimated losses exceeded $100 million Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in December 1864Savannah Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North

20. The Civil War Ends January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North Carolina captured;the last Confederate blockade-running port General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at Petersburg; he surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 Confederate President Jefferson Davis flees and is eventually captured in Irwinville, GeorgiaIrwinville

21. Civil War Prisons Both North and South had prisons for captured soldiers; thousands of men on both sides died in these prisons Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia, was overcrowded, and offered poor food, contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700 Union soldiers are buried thereAndersonville Prison Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison commander, was later hanged for “excessive cruelty” Andersonville is now home to the National Prisoner of War Museum Click to return to Table of Contents.

22. Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier ESSENTIAL QUESTION – What was life like for the common soldiers of the Civil War?

23. Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier What words do I need to know? –Sutler wagon –rations –common soldier

24. The Civil War Soldier Most were under the age of 21; over 250,000 were 16-years-old or younger Most came from lower socioeconomic groups; wanted to seek adventure or escape boredom of farm life Rations (portions of food) were generally better for Northern soldiers than Southern soldiers Sutler wagons followed troops, and sold soldiers a variety of goods and foods; their items were very expensive, howeverSutler wagons

25. Uniforms and Supplies In the early months of the war, troops wore a variety of uniforms; sometimes armies were hard to tell apart The Confederate soldiers eventually wore gray pants or butternut-dyed homemade clothesbutternut-dyed Union soldiers wore blue uniforms, most mass produced in factories

26. Weaponry Forty-inch barrel Springfield rifles replaced single-shot, muzzle-loading.54 caliber riflesSpringfield rifles Confederate soldiers often fought with foreign rifles, but when they broke, they depended on rifles they could gather from the battlefield Infantry on both sides carried long fighting blades

27. Camp Life Boredom between battles was common Men wrote and read letters, played practical jokes, played games, or sang Many men whittled, carving items out of wood, bone, and other materialwhittled Games of baseball were common Religious gatherings, including Bible and singing were popular

28. Black Soldiers Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black regiments during the Civil War The 54 th Massachusetts, led by Col. Robert Shaw (a white officer) led an assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863; the battle proved the value of black troopsFort Wagner 3,500 black men from Georgia fought in the Union Army The Confederate government in 1865 passed a law allowing black slaves to fight in Southern armies; the war ended before a black regiment was organized

29. Latino Service Many immigrants from Spain and Latin America were recruited for the Union Army Admiral David Farragut, a Latino, became first U.S. Naval Admiral; he was a hero for capturing Mobile Bay and other portsMobile Bay Loreta Velazquez fought for the Confederacy (disguised as a man) and served as a Confederate spy Several states contributed entire Latino battalions Click to return to Table of Contents.

30. Section 4: Life During the Civil War ESSENTIAL QUESTION –What was life like for civilians during the Civil War?

31. Section 4: Life During the Civil War What words do I need to know? –hardships –shortages –volunteers

32. Women in the Civil War Food, items for clothes, and basic items were in short supply, especially in the South Staples like flour, coffee, and sugar were very expensive or hard to acquire Women tried to keep their families fed and sheltered despite the difficulties Many fought disguised as men; others served as spies; many worked in factoriesspies Female nurses were much valued

33. Women of Note Phoebe Pember of Savannah helped administer a division in a major Richmond hospital Captain Sally Tompkins ran a Southern military hospital Clara Barton, a Union nurse supervisor, later founded the American Red Cross Mary Boykin Chesnut of South Carolina left a prized written record of the wartime lifeMary Boykin Chesnut

34. Children During the War Most did chores at home to help their families or contribute to the war effort Children in the South had basically no public schools; wealthy families could continue with private tutoringChildren Boys as young as 10 served in both armies; thousands of soldiers were between 14- and 16-years-old

35. The Aftermath 620,000 people died during the war; about two-thirds died from diseases, wounds, or military prison hardships620,000 Healing of emotional wounds took far longer than the war itself The North or the South would never be the same again Click to return to Table of Contents.