1. NYC Emergency Responders: An Analysis on FDNY Response Times By: LT Jason McKeown & LT Annette Feliciano-Ramos

2. Agenda Background Story/Problem Statement Network Model Method Formulation Results Analysis Conclusions

4. World Trade Center Attacks FDNY Response – 200+ Units Combined companies – First 3 Hours 121 Engines (61%) 62 Ladders (43%) 27 Chiefs (47%) Lead to management difficulties – City Wide Coverage Maintained Avg Response time: 5.5min FDNY Losses – 343 Fire Fighters – 98 Vehicles

5. Problem Statement Evaluate fire department city wide response for a catastrophic high rise fire with the presence of degraded infrastructure.

6. Why? Construction is currently underway to build the new “One World Trade Center” building. Creates a target for future, possibly more sophisticated, terrorist attacks. Attacking infrastructure to impede emergency response is a possibility.

7. FDNY Structure New York City – Consists of 5 Boroughs Manhattan The Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island – Connected by bridge and tunnel network. Brooklyn Bridge JFK Bridge Etc. – Emergency Response Strength 15,870 Responders 52 Battalions 251 Stations 198 Engines 143 Ladders FDNY Structure Fire Commissioner (Civilian) Overall authority in NYC Chief of Department Highest ranking fire fighter Chief of Fire Operations Responsible for fire fighting efforts throughout the city Borough Chiefs Responsible for fire fighting efforts in their respective Boroughs Division Chief Battalion Chief Captain (Fire Station Commander)

8. Network Model Nodes (254) – Start Node – Fire Houses – Bridges – WTC (destination) Edges (1289) – Start to Fire Houses – Fire House to Bridge Arcs – Bridge to Bridge Arcs Data – Avg Response Times – Fire House Locations – Fire House Capacities – http://nycopendata.socrata.com/

9. Assumptions Borough response times are homogenized. FDNY response is contained within NYC boarders. All non-attacked bridges are currently available for transit. Responding Fire Houses utilize all resources available. Response is instantaneous (no response lag).

10. Staten Island Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Bronx

11. New York City Manhattan Bronx Brooklyn Staten Island Queens

12. Staten Island

15. Brooklyn

16. Bridge Manhattan Bridge Williamsburg Bridge Brooklyn

18. Queens Throgs Neck Bridge Bronx Whitestone Bridge

19. Queens Throgs Neck Bridge Bronx Whitestone Bridge Queensborough Bridge

20. Bronx Whitestone Bridge Queens

21. Bronx Throgs Neck Bridge Bronx Whitestone Bridge

22. Bronx Throgs Neck Bridge Bronx Whitestone Bridge

23. Bronx

24. Manhattan

25. WTC Manhattan

26. WTC Manhattan

27. New York City

28. Bridges to WTC

29. Purpose: Minimize the average response times of emergency responders given a prerequisite number of units. (ex: 50 Fire Stations Responding). – Attacks on the network are aimed at vital nodes that provide connections to other boroughs Min Cost Flow

30. Manhattan Isolation (# attacks > # bridges) Manhattan contains 48 Fire Stations. Thus for a situation where 49 responders are required, FDNY Manhattan would be overwhelmed if they were to receive no outside assistance.

31. Attacking the Network (49-198 Req’d) 15-16: Isolation of Manhattan 6-7: Isolation of Manhattan & The Bronx 4-5: Isolation of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Queens 3-4: Isolation of Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn. This also removes the need for Staten Island.

32. Conclusions To Overwhelm the FDNY – Requires another 9/11 type attack. Massive response requires manpower and resources – Requires isolation of the borough Level of sophistication would be very high Would not go unnoticed Extensive bridge network needs to be defeated.

33. Future Research Determine Fire House dispatch procedures to determine individual node capacities. Obtain actual list of dispatched Fire Houses and those that self- dispatched. Image credit: Joe Woolhead Courtesy of: Silverstein Properties Taken: September 08, 2011

34. Questions