1. POLITICS IN MEXICO LUIS ESTRADA lmestrad@weber.ucsd.edu Spring quarter 2005

2. Fighting Poverty (Pardinas 2004) 51 million below poverty line (2002) 51 million below poverty line (2002) PROCAMPO (Programa de Apoyos Directos al Campo) PROCAMPO (Programa de Apoyos Directos al Campo) PROGRESA / Oportunidades PROGRESA / Oportunidades Seguro Popular (Popular Social Security) Seguro Popular (Popular Social Security)

3. Fighting Poverty (Pardinas 2004): PROCAMPO 1993 (Salinas’s administration) 1993 (Salinas’s administration) Oriented to give support to ejidatarios, according to the size of the registered land Oriented to give support to ejidatarios, according to the size of the registered land Voluntary registration (fee); pick-up cheques, technical assistance Voluntary registration (fee); pick-up cheques, technical assistance USD $80.00 per ha per agricultural cycle USD $80.00 per ha per agricultural cycle 2004: 2.9 million producers; 13.7 million ha 2004: 2.9 million producers; 13.7 million ha Monitored by producers themselves Monitored by producers themselves www.procampo.gob.mx www.procampo.gob.mx www.procampo.gob.mx

4. Fighting Poverty (Pardinas 2004): PROGRESA 1997 (Zedillo’s administration) 1997 (Zedillo’s administration) Direct cash transfers in rural areas if children attend local schools, and if family check-ups at health clinics Direct cash transfers in rural areas if children attend local schools, and if family check-ups at health clinics 2000: 2.6 million families receiving a transfer of USD $25.00 2000: 2.6 million families receiving a transfer of USD $25.00 Increase in school enrollment and the average physical growth of children Increase in school enrollment and the average physical growth of children

5. Fighting Poverty: Electricity Subsidies versus Progresa (1998)

6. Fighting Poverty (Pardinas 2004): Oportunidades 2000 (Fox’s administration) 2000 (Fox’s administration) Continuation of PROGRESA, extended to the urban poor Continuation of PROGRESA, extended to the urban poor Only two of five poor people are covered (2002) Only two of five poor people are covered (2002) Fox’s right decision: Not to invest in whimsical projects (Plan Puebla-Panamá) Fox’s right decision: Not to invest in whimsical projects (Plan Puebla-Panamá) 2004: 5 million families (twice as much as Progresa) 2004: 5 million families (twice as much as Progresa)

7. Fighting Poverty (Pardinas 2004): Seguro Popular 2004 (Fox’s administration) 2004 (Fox’s administration) Considers all Mexicans that are not included in IMSS (registered workers) or ISSSTE (registered state workers) –about 45 million Mexicans Considers all Mexicans that are not included in IMSS (registered workers) or ISSSTE (registered state workers) –about 45 million Mexicans Voluntary enrollment, free access to health care and medicine Voluntary enrollment, free access to health care and medicine Expected full coverage by 2010 Expected full coverage by 2010

8. Fighting Poverty: Challenges Education: 7.3 average years (2002 census) Education: 7.3 average years (2002 census) Priorities: Subsidy PEMEX and CFE (electricity) versus health care, social security, agricultural advise Priorities: Subsidy PEMEX and CFE (electricity) versus health care, social security, agricultural advise Tax evasion, “informal” labor Tax evasion, “informal” labor