1. Some Review… Did I learn that in Gen Chem I? CHM 1030

2. Data and Results Data = any measured values recorded in the course of an activity temperature, mass from balance, volume in a graduated cyclinder Results = any value that is the result of manipulating the data (subtracting, converting, finding the log of…) volume dispensed from a buret, mass of solid that was massed in a container CHM1030

3. How many decimal places do I need? Don’t ask this question! You need to determine this from the data you are using and any conversions or constants The answer will depend on the number of significant figures…remember those? CHM1030

4. Significant Figures They don’t go away… CHM1030

5. Significant Figures When making a measurement you must record all digits you are sure of and one that is a reasonable estimate (regardless of where the decimal place falls) The object below is 4.86 cm. You can be certain of the 4 and 8. The 6 is an estimate and can vary +/- 1 between measurements. CHM 1010 PGCC Barbara A. Gage

6. Significant Figures The graduated cylinder at the right contains 38.34 mL of liquid. It is assumed that you can visually divide the space between lines into ten parts. CHM 1030 PGCC Barbara A. Gage

7. Significant Figures –Addition and Subtraction CHM 1030 PGCC Barbara A. Gage When you are adding and subtracting numbers you only count the columns where you are sure of all the values in that column.

8. Significant Figures – Multiplication and Division When multiplying or dividing two or more values, the answer should contain the number of digits in the value with the least number of significant figures. 0.0035704 sig figs X 23.43 sig figs 0.0835385 sig figs (calculator answer) You can only trust the answer to 3 sig figs so the correct answer is 8.35 x 10 -2. CHM 1030 PGCC Barbara A. Gage

9. Exact Numbers Some numbers are “exact” such as the 50 in 50 drops (if you count exactly 50) or 60 s = 1 min Exact numbers do not affect the number of significant figures in an answer CHM1030

10. Volume Measuring Devices Why do the numbers run different ways? CHM1030

11. Measurement Devices To Contain (TC) Designed to hold a given amount Beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, graduated cylinders CHM1030

12. Reading a graduated cylinder CHM1030 Locate the bottom of the meniscus and determine the value

13. Measurement Devices To Deliver (TD) Designed to dispense a given amount Burets, pipets CHM1030

14. Reading a buret CHM1030 Locate the bottom of the meniscus and determine the value

15. Balances Top loaders in PGCC labs generally measure to the nearest 0.01g. These should be used when you do not require data to more than 0.01g. Analytical balances measure to the nearest 0.0001g and are only used for small masses that require more accuracy. 0.0001 g = 0.1 mg !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Using the wrong balance is a SERIOUS error. Be sure to read your activity carefully! CHM1030

16. Do fingerprints make a difference? Because the analytical balances are so sensitive, your fingerprints, hand lotion, hand sanitizer or breakfast residue may affect the reading. Measured objects should be placed on and taken off the balance with a lab wipe. Did your fingerprints make a difference? CHM1030

17. Some Miscellaneous Things… The analytical balance has some degree of variability in the last digit. If you did not transfer any material from your fingers, there is a chance that the mass after touching will be 0.0001 g less than before. % error can be positive or negative. CHM1030

18. Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b38hFWv EjwI CHM1030