Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byLeilani Miniard Modified over 10 years ago
1
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2
A language variety where users regional / social background appears in their use of vocabulary & grammar. A language variety where users regional / social background appears in their use of vocabulary & grammar.
3
The features of pronunciation (the speech sounds) that show regional/social identity (and arguably that of an individual, since one could have a personal and idiosyncratic accent).
6
Traces of Saxon pirates in the fourth century A.D.: A city wall was built along the river Thames in London after A.D. 360 A.D. 477 and A.D. 495 – The Saxons & Frisians (Germany) >> Wessex, Essex, and Sussex. A.D. 547 - the Jutes >> Kent; the Angles >> north: + East Anglia (south-east England) + Mercia (central England) + Northumbria (northern England). Conversion to Christianity in A.D. 597 Traces of Saxon pirates in the fourth century A.D.: A city wall was built along the river Thames in London after A.D. 360 A.D. 477 and A.D. 495 – The Saxons & Frisians (Germany) >> Wessex, Essex, and Sussex. A.D. 547 - the Jutes >> Kent; the Angles >> north: + East Anglia (south-east England) + Mercia (central England) + Northumbria (northern England). Conversion to Christianity in A.D. 597
8
Northumbria - the Angles Mercia - the Angles East Anglia - the Angles Essex - the Saxons Sussex - the Saxons Wessex - the Saxons Kent - the Jutes Northumbria - the Angles Mercia - the Angles East Anglia - the Angles Essex - the Saxons Sussex - the Saxons Wessex - the Saxons Kent - the Jutes
9
Anglo-Saxon place-names: -bury, -ford, -ton, -ham, -worth, -field, -ing, -ley Bourne: Stream Burn: Stream Burg: Large village Bury: Fortified place Croft: Small enclosure Ford: Shallow river crossing Ham: Village Ing: People Lake: Lake Ley; Lea: Clearing Mere/Mer/Mar: Pool Moor: Moor Moss: Swamp Ney: Island Riding; Rod: Cleared land Stead: place Stoc: Summer pasture Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement Stow: Holy Place Ton; Tun: House; Farm Weald; Wold; High Woodland Wic; Wike: Farm; Group of huts Wood: Wood Worth: Fenced land
11
Dialect differences - 4 dialects: West Saxon Mercian Kentish Northumbrian Dialect differences - 4 dialects: West Saxon Mercian Kentish Northumbrian
12
West Saxon developed a literary standard it is NOT the ancestor of Modern English West Saxon : Anglian ea o ceald cald > ModE ‘cold’ ie e hieran heran > ModE ‘hear’
13
cynn > kinn ‘kin’ = Northern / East Midlands kunn = West Saxon kenn = Kent / Southern OE myrige > merry (Southern) OE lyft > left (Southern) OE byrgan > bury (West Saxon) /beri/ (Southern) OE bysig > busy (West Saxon) /bɪzi/ (Northern) Kentish ken < kin, zen < sin
14
Front / i-mutation / i-umlaut: back vowel + /ɪ/, /i:/, or /j/ in the following syllable: u: > y: > i: o: > e: Gothic OE Mod E *m ǔ siz > ms (Umlaut) mice /maɪs/(GVS) *f ǔ lljan > fyllan (Umlaut) fill /fɪll/ (no GVS) *fŏdjan > fēdan (Umlaut) feed /fi:d/ (GVS)
15
mouse-mice, full-fill, gold-gild, fox-vixen, food-feed, doom-deem, goose-geese tooth-teeth, book-beech, man-men, Canterbury-Kent, long-length, tale-tell
16
A number of local dialects The OE disunity - considerably increased #1 the isolation of districts in the feudal state #2 the two foreign influences
17
Northumbrian > NORTHERN (Northern, Lowland, Scottish) Mercian > MIDLAND (West Midland, East Midland, South-West Midland) LONDON SOUTHERN West Saxon > MIDLAND (West Midland, East Midland, South-West Midland) LONDON SOUTHERN Kentish >KENTISH
18
The mixed dialect of London: the South Western type >> SHIFT >> the East Midland type
19
The earliest records - written in the local dialects No literary standard yet in existence Some time after the Norman conquest (1066) English literature practically nonexistent Some dialects – an almost 200-year gap The earliest MidE samples of prose: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles >> the Petersborough Chronicle (1122-1154).
21
England - UPPER CLASS (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION Phonology [r] if not followed by a vowel [o] ¡ [Ïw] know, so, though, blow, [a] ¡ [Ø] not, what, got accent: library, Morphology have is a modal auxiliary: It is raised: have you a quid? It is cliticized: I've five quid Collectives: the parliament are in session the team are fit the group are out playing Syntax Discontinuous verbal particles: catch you up, ring you up Default pro-verb: Did you get the paper? I would have done, but I didn't have tuppence. phrases come a cropper bangers and mash Lexicon knock up ring up catch you up bonnet wind screen boot chips crisps bangers rubber lorry dust bin napkin knickers petrol
22
Phonology drop [h] high, hope, he, her I got high hopes he won't hit her [l] : [ʊ] pill, call, tall [t] : [ʔ] little, bottle, what ya got vere mate [e ɪ ] : [a ɪ ] mate, gain, [a ɪ ] : [ɒ ɪ ] high, flighty, might, [aʊ] : [æʊ] mouse, house, come round [u] : [u:ʊ] who, new, blue [æ] : [a] cab, cat, rat Interdentals become labiodentals right nice little thing Wot's wif yu? me muvvuh Morphology Me for my me mum at's me book you got 'ere Past tense BE: were Lexicon Bloody, lolly, bugger off!, bloomin‘, bangers, knickers, Fancy that!, guv'na, knackered
23
◦ Phonology [r] - trill [u] : [y] Look at the school! [a] : [æ] intonation: talking 'up' 'Canadian' raising [a ɪ ] : [ ɪ j] : light, right, kite ◦ Morphology Articles: t for the Contraction: dunna, dinna ◦ Syntax ◦ Lexicon Lexicon bairn wee loch kirk Lad : lassie
24
◦ Phonology [l] : [ʊ] except before vowels (fill, belt, told) [e ɪ ] : [a ɪ ] (gate, mate, gray, say, fail) [e] : [ə] (bed, Fred, let, tell, spell) [a] : [æ] (bad, cat, bat) [h] : [ø] (high, hug, hate, hover) [r] : [ø] (part, car, fear, pear)) ◦ Lexicon: diminutives Barby, dunny (toilet), down under, outback, bang up
25
East Midlands once varied from county to county Now predominantly RP R's are dropped, but h's are pronounced. The only signs that differentiate it from RP: ou > u: (so go becomes /gu:/). RP yu; becomes u: after n, t, d... as in American English. The West Country r's are not dropped. initial s often becomes z (singer > zinger). initial f often becomes v (finger > vinger). vowels are lengthened. West Midlands - the dialect of Ozzie Osbourne! Pronunciation is not that different from RP, some of the vocabulary is: are > am am, are (with a continuous sense) > bin is not > ay are not > bay Brummie is the Birmingham-spoken version of West Midlands East Midlands once varied from county to county Now predominantly RP R's are dropped, but h's are pronounced. The only signs that differentiate it from RP: ou > u: (so go becomes /gu:/). RP yu; becomes u: after n, t, d... as in American English. The West Country r's are not dropped. initial s often becomes z (singer > zinger). initial f often becomes v (finger > vinger). vowels are lengthened. West Midlands - the dialect of Ozzie Osbourne! Pronunciation is not that different from RP, some of the vocabulary is: are > am am, are (with a continuous sense) > bin is not > ay are not > bay Brummie is the Birmingham-spoken version of West Midlands
26
Lancashire This dialect, spoken north and east of Liverpool, has the southern habit of dropping r's. Other features: /ʌ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/). /əʊ/ > /oi/, as in hole (/hoil/) Scouse is the very distinctive Liverpool accent, a version of the Lancashire dialect, that the Beatles made famous. the tongue is drawn back. /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively. final k sounds like the Arabic q. for rhymes with fur. Yorkshire The Yorkshire dialect - sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r's. /ʌ/ > /ʊ/, as in luck (/luk/). the - reduced to t'. initial h-dropping. was > were. still use thou (pronounced /thɑ:/) and thee. aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) = anything and nothing. Lancashire This dialect, spoken north and east of Liverpool, has the southern habit of dropping r's. Other features: /ʌ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/). /əʊ/ > /oi/, as in hole (/hoil/) Scouse is the very distinctive Liverpool accent, a version of the Lancashire dialect, that the Beatles made famous. the tongue is drawn back. /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively. final k sounds like the Arabic q. for rhymes with fur. Yorkshire The Yorkshire dialect - sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r's. /ʌ/ > /ʊ/, as in luck (/luk/). the - reduced to t'. initial h-dropping. was > were. still use thou (pronounced /thɑ:/) and thee. aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) = anything and nothing.
27
Northern The Northern dialect ~ the southern-most Scottish dialects. Many OScan words, e.g. bairn = child /r/ (often a roll) kept The best-known is Geordie (Newcastle) -er > /æ/ - father > /fædhær/ /ou/ > /oa/- boat > each letter is pronounced. talk > /ta:k/ work > /work/ book > /bu:k/ my > me me > us our > wor you (plur.) > youse Northern The Northern dialect ~ the southern-most Scottish dialects. Many OScan words, e.g. bairn = child /r/ (often a roll) kept The best-known is Geordie (Newcastle) -er > /æ/ - father > /fædhær/ /ou/ > /oa/- boat > each letter is pronounced. talk > /ta:k/ work > /work/ book > /bu:k/ my > me me > us our > wor you (plur.) > youse
28
http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#ng http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#sa http://eleaston.com/india-eng.html http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#sp http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#phil http://eleaston.com/australian-eng.html http://eleaston.com/nz-eng.html http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#car
29
http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#Welsh http://eleaston.com/irish-eng.html http://eleaston.com/world-eng.html#car http://eleaston.com/am-eng.html
30
PIDGIN is a simple form of a language which speakers of a different language use to communicate. Pidgin is not anyone's first language. CREOLE is a language that has developed from a mixture of different languages and has become the main language in a particular place. (=patois)
31
American Indian Pidgin English Chinese Pidgin English Chukotka Pidgin English Fulani Pidgin English Japanese Bamboo English Japanese Pidgin English Korean Bamboo English Kru Pidgin English Liberian Interior Pidgin English Loyalty Islands Pidgin English Madras Tamil Pidgin English* Maori Pidgin English* Micronesian Pidgin English Nauru Chinese Pidgin English New Caledonian Pidgin English Newfoundland Pidgin English Port Augusta Pidgin English Port Jackson Pidgin English Queensland Kanaka English Scottish Pidgin English Sierra Leone Pidgin English Samoan Plantation Pidgin Taiwan Pidgin English Thai Pidgin English Togolese Pidgin English Vietnamese Pidgin English West African Pidgin English
32
Atlantic Eastern Northern Afro-Seminole Creole Afro-Seminole Creole Bahamas Creole English Bahamas Creole English Sea Island Creole English Sea Island Creole English Southern Antigua and Barbuda Creole English Bajan Grenadian Creole English Guyanese Creole English Tobagonian Creole English Trinidadian Creole English Vincentian Creole English Virgin Islands Creole English Turks and Caicos Creole English ◦ Krio Fernando Po Creole English Krio Pidgin, Nigerian Pidgin, Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroon ◦ Suriname Ndyuka Aukan Kwinti Sranan Sranan ◦ Western Belize Kriol English Belize Kriol English Nicaragua Creole English Islander Creole English Jamaican Creole English Jamaican Creole English Pacific ◦ Bislama Bislama ◦ Hawai'i Creole English Hawai'i Creole English ◦ Ngatik Men's Creole Ngatik Men's Creole ◦ Pijin Pijin ◦ Kriol Kriol ◦ Torres Strait Creole Torres Strait Creole ◦ Tok Pisin Tok Pisin Saramaccan Saramaccan THE END
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.