1. Chapters 1-3 GEOGRAPHY

2. C.F.A. # 1 Geography is the study of
Transportation systems throughout history.
The land, its environment, resources and its peoples.
Precipitation, wind and drought over a period of time.
Migration patterns in rural areas.
What are the names of the four natural regions of Texas?
Panhandle, Gulf Coast, East Texas, West Texas
Mountains and Valleys, Great Plains, North Plains, Gulf Coast
Mountains and Basins, Great Plains, North Central Plains, Coastal Plains
Mountains and Basins, Valleys, North Central Plains, Coastal Plains

3. C.F.A. # 1
A key that explains symbols or colors on a map is a _____________.
Legend
Grid
Compass
Scale
This forms the boundary between Texas and Louisiana
Gulf of Mexico
Red River
Sabine River
Rio Grande

4. C.F.A. # 1
How does elevation affect climate in the Mountains and Basins region?
Higher elevations have cooler temperatures.
Lower elevations have cooler temperatures
Higher elevations have strong hurricane force winds.
Higher elevations have lots of humidity and rain.

5. climate drought precipitation landform Definition Draw a Picture
Examples 1. 2.
precipitation
landform

6. region latitude longitude plains Definition Draw a Picture Examples 1.2.
longitude
plains

7. Vocabulary
Define & Draw a picture
Climate drought precipitation landform region latitude longitude plains
Census
Trend
Migrate

8. TEXAS HISTORY belongs to:___________ class period:__________ Fall 2013

9. GEOGRAPHY:
The study of the land, its environment & resources, and the people who live in it.
Physical Geography: features such as landforms, elevation, water, climate & vegetation
Human Geography: How people change their environment. Ex: farming, mining, transportation, jobs
Geography looks at where things are and why…. Why does it rain a lot in East Texas, but there are deserts around El Paso? This type of question deals with the land (physical geography). Why is the capital of Texas Austin rather than Dallas or Houston?..This deals with people (human geography)

10. Knowing What to Expect
The world is constantly changing. Knowing something about the past can make it easier to predict which trends will continue in the future.
A trend is a general movement toward change over the course of time.
A census is a periodic count of the population.
What will Texas be like when you are an adult?
Knowledge of geography tells you what nature has to offer and how people organize their environment and use its resources.

11. Geographers use a variety of tools to organize & analyze information.
Tools such as graphs, charts and tables help geographers organize data.

12. A Line graph can show two things on a graph
A Line graph can show two things on a graph. This graph shows an amount and a span of time.
What is a century?
What trend does this line graph show?
What trend does this line graph show?
If the trend continues, where will all of these new Texans live?

13. Pie Charts are used to compare parts of a whole.
Immigrants to Texas, 2001

14. Four Largest Cities in Texas and the Population Density, 2000
Bar graphs use bars of different lengths to show & compare the relationship between two or more kinds of information.
Four Largest Cities in Texas
and the Population Density, 2000

15. Tables are used to compare several facts about many items
Tables are used to compare several facts about many items. A table is like a grid which helps geographers organize many facts and numbers.
Top 4 U. S. Cities by Population
U.S. Cities
2009 Census Population
New York, NY
8,391,881
Los Angeles, CA
3,831,868
Chicago, IL
2,851,288
Houston, TX
2,257,926

16. A timeline shows the sequence of events.
Timelines are useful for studying how one event may have led to or caused later events.

17. Five Themes of Geography
Location: Position on the Earth’s Surface
Relative Location (buildings / landmarks)
Absolute Location (map location / coordinates)
Place: Physical environment
Human/ Environment Relationships:
Shaping the Land (hills, bodies of water, leveling land etc)
Movement: Migration
Migrate is to move from one place to another.
Regions:
Geographers divide the world into geographic regions by areas that have certain features in common
Geography deals with not only the shape of the land (like landforms and other physical characteristics,) but also the study of people.
To learn more about how people use the land, geographers break the study of geography into 5 parts (themes.)
Human/Environmental…Petrochemical plants create jobs and important products. In what ways do you think the natural environment was changed in order to build petrochemical plants.

18. How might you describe the relative location of the school in this illustration?

20. Human activities can have a significant impact on the environment
Human activities can have a significant impact on the environment. A lignite (coal) mine such as the one below can transform a landscape. What is one way humans are trying to limit the damage they do to the environment?

22. Latitude and Longitude
130 W
120 W
110 W
100 W
90 W
80 W
70 W
60 W
50 W
40 W
30 W
20 W
10 W O
10 E
20 E
30 E
40 E
50 E
60 E
70 E
100 E
110 E
120 E
130 E
80 E
90 E
110 N
100 N
90 N
80 N
70 N
60 N
50 N
40 N
30 N
20 N
10 N
10 S
20 S
30 S
40 S
50 S
60 S
70 S
80 S
90 S
100 S
110 S

23. 5 Parts of a Map Flip Chart
Title
Legend
Grid System
Direction
Scale

24. Map Legends: A legend is an explanation of a maps colors & scales.

25. Latitude & Longitude Lines Make up a Grid System.
Longitude lines run north and south.
Latitude lines run east and west.
These lines measure distances in degrees.

26. Pg 31

27. Equator & Prime Meridian
Equator: an imaginary line at 0° latitude
Prime Meridian: an imaginary line at 0° longitude

28. Directions:
Directions describe the location of places in relation to other places.
Cardinal directions
north, south, east, west
Intermediate directions
northeast, southeast,
southwest and northwest

29. Scale
The relationship between a distance on a map and the actual distance it represents.

30. Warm-up near a River? Why would you want to live
Copy question and answer in 3-5 complete sentences.
Why would you want to live
near a River?

31. Activity 2: Label the Major Texas Rivers (Text. Pg.50)
Create an acronym to help you locate major Texas rivers on a map.
Rio Grande
Pecos
Nueces
San Antonio
Guadalupe
Lavaca
Colorado
Brazos
San Jacinto
Trinity
Neches
Sabine
Red
Canadian
Real people never say good luck charlie because sometimes they need some real cheese.

32. Major Texas Rivers

33. 4 Regions of Texas Flipchart
Outside:
Color & label 4 regions
Label major cities
Inside:
Climate
Landforms
Crops / Vegetation
Businesses / Industry

34. Great Plains
North Central Plains
Mountains & Basins
Coastal
Plains

35. Texas Bus Tour

36. Texas Bus Tour Welcome! Our tour guide today is Tumbleweed Tonya
Fasten your seatbelts
Enter and Exit through the aisle
Take notes in your Texas Travel Guide as we make four stops, so hold on tight!
By the way, tips for the tour guide are encouraged.

37. FIRST STOP Mountain and Basin Region

38. Mountains and Basins Region
Our first stop is the Mountains and Basins region!
The Mountains and Basins region is the most western region of Texas. It has many mountain ranges and is very dry.
Mountains and Basins Region

39. Mountains and Basins Region
A basin is a low, bowl-shaped land with higher ground all around it. The basins in this Texas region are deserts.

40. There are three mountain ranges in this part of Texas.

41. The mountains in Texas are part of the Rocky Mountains which stretch through the western United States from Mexico to Canada. The Texas Rocky Mountains are made up of many small mountain ranges.
Mountains and Basins Region of Texas

42. The Davis Mountains are in the center of the Mountains and Basins region.

43. The Chisos Mountains are located in the Big Bend National Park.

44. The Guadalupe Mountains border Texas and New Mexico.

45. Guadalupe Peak is the highest point in Texas at 8,749 feet above sea level.

46. The Chihuahuan Desert is located in this region
The Chihuahuan Desert is located in this region. Prickly pear cactus grows here.

47. Big Bend National Park is located in a gigantic bend in the Rio Grande River. 99% of the park is desert!

48. Did you know the largest pterodactyl bone ever discovered was found right here in Big Bend National Park? It had a wingspan of 51 feet and was found by Douglas A. Lawson in 1971.

49. This is the city of El Paso. The name is Spanish for “The Pass”
This is the city of El Paso. The name is Spanish for “The Pass”. El Paso is the largest city in this region of Texas.

50. Mountains and Basins Notes
Landforms
Desert-like to mountainous to forests
Climate
Higher elevation – cool
Lower elevation – dry
Extreme temperatures
Little rainfall
Vegetation and Crops
Cactus and other desert plants
Forests on mountains
Cotton crops

51. Mountains and Basins Notes
Businesses & Industry
Oil & Gas
Copper mining
Salt mining
International trade
Major City
El Paso

52. SECOND STOP!
Coastal Plains Region

53. Coastal Plains Region Our second stop is the Coastal Plains region!
The Coast Plains are mostly flat land that lies alongside an ocean. Coast Plains cover near one third of the state of Texas!
Coastal Plains Region

54. This the Piney Woods of East Texas
This the Piney Woods of East Texas. It was once the home of the Caddo Indians.

55. Our state bird, the Mockingbird, lives here
Our state bird, the Mockingbird, lives here. They got their name from their unique ability to copy or “mock” other birds. Another state symbol is found in abundance here. The pecan tree is the state tree of Texas.
Pecan tree
Mocking bird

56. Weather in the Coastal Plains region is usually mild
Weather in the Coastal Plains region is usually mild. That means that winters are short and warm compared to other parts of the country. Summers are long, hot, and humid.

57. There are lots of rivers and lakes in this region
There are lots of rivers and lakes in this region. Perfect for fishing and water sports.
Fishing in Texas

58. The Coastal Plains of Texas lie alongside an ocean
The Coastal Plains of Texas lie alongside an ocean. All rivers that flow west drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Many people visit the beaches that lie along Texas.

59. Shipping is a huge industry in this region
Shipping is a huge industry in this region. Corpus Christi and Houston have huge ports where ships from all over the world visit to load and unload goods.
A cargo ship
Corpus Christi
Houston

60. Farming and ranching are important industries in the Coastal Plains region.
In Kingsville, you will find King Ranch. It was started in the late 1800s by Captain Richard King and his wife Henrietta. It is still one of the largest cattle ranches in Texas today.
In the southern most area of Texas known as “The Valley”, some crops are grown all year due to the warm weather. Crops include cotton, sugar cane, citric fruits, soybeans, and corn.

61. Oil is found in the Coastal Plains region
Oil is found in the Coastal Plains region. These tall structures are oil derricks. Many people call the oil found in Texas “Black Texas Tea”.

62. Many large cities are located in the Coast Plains including Dallas, Austin, and Houston. Although Austin is our state’s capital, Houston is the state’s largest city. Houston is also the fourth largest city in the U.S.!
Houston
Austin
Dallas

63. Coastal Plains Notes Landforms
Land varies from sea level to very hilly, small mountains to flat dry plains
Climate
Warm
Mild Winters
Humid
Plentiful Rain
Vegetation and Crops
Prairie in the northeast
Pine/Oak forests in Northwest
Excellent ranch land in Coastal Prairie
Long growing seasons
Fruits, vegetables, corn, grain, cotton, rice

64. Coastal Plains Notes Businesses & Industry (variety) Lumber Oil & Gas
NASA – space
Fishing, Farming & Livestock
Tourism
Technology
Government
Major Cities
Dallas
Houston
San Antonio

65. THIRD STOP! North Central Plains Region

66. North Central Plains Region
Our third stop is the Central Plains Region! The Central Plains region is in the center of Texas. It has a little higher elevation than the Coastal Plains and is covered with rolling prairies.
North Central Plains Region

67. The Central Plains Region is a rural area
The Central Plains Region is a rural area. This means a small population and a lot of open country. It has warm summers and cool winters. There are many cattle ranches and farms here.

68. This region does have some wild weather
This region does have some wild weather. During the spring there is a chance of tornados. These are funnel-shaped storms with swirling winds that do a lot of a damage to a community.

69. Fort Worth is one of the larger cities in the Central Plains region
Fort Worth is one of the larger cities in the Central Plains region. It is known for its stockyards and cowboys.

70. Fort Worth was one of many stops along the famous cattle drive trail known as the Chisholm Trail. The Chisholm Trail was started by a Cherokee trader.

71. Cowboys and cowgirls in this region still work on cattle ranches
Cowboys and cowgirls in this region still work on cattle ranches. Many compete in rodeos around the country.

72. Did you know that after the Civil War, about one third of the Texas cowboys were African-American or Mexican-American? And several were women!

73. North Central Plains Notes
Landforms
Flat to gentle rolling land
Climate
Cool summers
Cold winters
Windy
Good rainfall
Vegetation & Crops
Prairie in east and west separated by forests
Rich soil
Wheat, cotton, pecans , peanuts, corn, fruits and vegetables

74. North Central Plains Notes
Businesses & Industry
Agriculture
Dairy farms
Beef cattle
Horses
Sheep
Goats
Oil Manufacturing
Major Cities
Fort Worth
Abilene

75. LAST STOP! Great Plains Region

76. Our last stop is the Great Plains Region
Our last stop is the Great Plains Region! Most of the Texas Panhandle is located here.
Great Plains Region

77. Land in the Great Plains region very high in elevation, but is still very flat.

78. In the southern part of the Great Plains is a landform called the Edwards Plateau. It’s very high and flat, like a table. The southern and eastern parts have hills though. This area of Texas is often called the “Hill Country”.

79. The Cap Rock Escarpment is in the Texas Panhandle
The Cap Rock Escarpment is in the Texas Panhandle. This is where the rolling Central Plains meet the high, flat land of the Great Plains.

80. In the southern part of the Great Plains is another escarpment called the Balcones Escarpment. Spanish explorers called it that because it looked like “balconies”

81. Palo Duro Canyon is the second largest canyon in the U. S
Palo Duro Canyon is the second largest canyon in the U.S. It is sometimes called the “Grand Canyon of Texas”.
Palo Duro Canyon is located just south of Amarillo.

82. Blizzard in the Panhandle Sandstorm in the Panhandle
The Great Plains region is very dry and few water sources. Early settlers faced many droughts and sandstorms. However in the winter, the Panhandle will often get blizzards which are very harsh snow storm.
Blizzard in the Panhandle
Sandstorm in the Panhandle

83. Ranching is very popular in the Great Plains
Ranching is very popular in the Great Plains. Flat grassy land is perfect for raising cattle. What you don’t see are armadillos. It’s much too cold here!
Not up in the panhandle!
Longhorn cattle

84. Wheat and cotton are important crops in the Great Plains
Wheat and cotton are important crops in the Great Plains. Wheat can grow in areas with little water.

85. Two major cities in the Great Plains are Lubbock and Amarillo
Two major cities in the Great Plains are Lubbock and Amarillo. Both cities grew after railroads were built in Texas. Railroads carried the cattle to markets back east.

86. Today, both Lubbock and Amarillo are home to many different industries, including farming, cattle ranching, gas, oil, health care, and tourism.

87. Great Plains Notes Landforms High flat land Climate
Cool summers, cold winters
Dry, but adequate rainfall
Vegetation & Crops
Grassland with few trees
Wheat and cotton crops

88. Great Plains Notes Businesses & Industry Tourism Hunting Cattle Pecans
Sheep, goats
Farming
Oil
Cottonseed
Helium
Major Cities
Amarillo, Lubbock, Midland

89. Texas Bus Tour Postcard Home Choose a region we just visited.
Write to someone and tell them all about it.

90. Choose a region we just visited
Choose a region we just visited. Draw a picture to represent that region. You may use your notes. Make sure to include pictures of specific details we discussed.

91. Now, write a note to someone and tell him or her about your trip to one of the regions. Be sure to include the name of your region and two facts about the region (things you might see, etc.)
TO: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

92. Regional Tourism Guide
Imagine that you work for the Tourism Division of the Texas Department of Commerce. Create a tourism guide for a Texas region of your choice. Be sure to include the following in your tri-fold brochure:
Front of Brochure:
A title and a slogan for the region
Illustration representing the environment or attractions in the region
Inside Pages:
An introductory paragraph (4-5 sentences) that highlight why the particular region is a good tourist location
A calendar that shows significant events in the region (festivals, fairs, or other local events)
A description with illustrations of state and national parks in the region
A table that shows the average monthly temperatures and rainfall for the major cities in the region