1. PRACTICE CLASS #6 (#7) 2012-04-17/18
ADVERBIALS
PRACTICE CLASS #6 (#7)
/18

4. THE LAST TOPIC BEFORE THE MID-TERM EXAM
ADVERBIALS
THE LAST TOPIC BEFORE THE MID-TERM EXAM

5. Page 128 – exercise 1 (a-d) AdvP finite clause verbless clause PP PP

6. Page 128 – exercise 1 (e-h) non-finite clause AdvP finite clausePP
AdvP PP PP PP
AdvP PP

7. Page 128 – exercise 1 (i-k) PP
verbless clause PP
non-finite clause

8. Page 128 – exercise 2 (a-d) adjunct PP AdvP disjunct adjunct PP
-ING (n-f) clause
adjunct
AdvP

9. Page 128 – exercise 2 (e-h) adjunct PP adjunct PP adjunct
NP (possibly AdvP)
INF (n-f) clause
conjunct
REMARK:
I like you a lot. > “a lot” is an AdvP
How many CDs do you have? A lot. > “a lot” is a PRONOUN / NP
TODAY: usually Adv(P). According to some dictionaries it can be a NOUN in “Today is Tuesday.”, however this is questionable: “Here is the answer.” > We would never identify “here” as an NP. It is probably an NP only in “Today’s newspapers…” and similar constructions.
adjunct
finite clause
adjunct
AdvP

10. Page 128 – exercise 2 (i-l) adjunct AdvP adjunct NP adjunct AdvP

11. Page 128 – exercise 2 (m-p) adjunct finite clause adjunct PP adjunct
AdvP OR NP
adjunct
AdvP
adjunct
AdvP

12. LET’S NOW GO BACK TO…

13. EXERCISE #1 AND ANALYZE THE FUNCTIONS THERE.

14. Page 128 – exercise 1 (a-d) AdvP adjunct finite clause adjunct
verbless clause
adjunct
adjunct PP PP PP
finite clause
adjunct
adjunct
adjunct

15. Page 128 – exercise 1 (e-h) disjunct adjunct adjunct non-finite clause
AdvP
finite clause
non-finite clause
adjunct PP
conjunct
AdvP
adjunct
adjunct PP PP
adjunct PP
adjunct
AdvP
adjunct PP
adjunct

16. Page 128 – exercise 1 (i-k) PP adjunct verbless clause adjunct PP
non-finite clause
disjunct

17. RELATIVE ORDER OF ADVERBIALS IN THE SENTENCE

18. The general order of adverbials.
M P T
The general order of adverbials.

19. The general order of adverbials.
Manner Place Time
The general order of adverbials.

20. Page 129 – exercise 5 (a-d)
Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in brackets:
a) The horse jumped. (into the pond/over the fence)
over the fence into the pond (sequence of events)
b) He has come. (from London/to Paris)
to Paris from London (verb of arrival – come)
c) The match will be held. (in Vienna/at a sports club)
at a sports club in Vienna (more specific, less specific)
d) The term will begin (next year/on 15th February)
on 15th February next year (more specific, less specific)

21. Page 129 – exercise 5 (e-h)
Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in brackets:
e) I will be away. (during the winter/for 2 weeks/in the country)
In the country for 2 weeks during the winter (P+D+W)
f) I came home. (very late/last night/after the party/from John’s)
from John’s very late after the party last night
g) We have lectures. (this week/all the afternoon/every day)
all the afternoon every day this week (D+F+W)
h) There were power cuts (during the winter/every day/for about four hours at a time)
for about four hours at a time every day during the winter (D+F+W)

22. Page 129 – exercise 5 (i-j)
Determine the sentence position of the adjuncts in brackets:
i) The shops are open. (every weekday/from 8 to 8)
from 8 to 8 every weekday (D+F)
j) The telephone rang. (three times/while you were out)
three times while you were out (D/F+W)

23. Page 131 – exercise 6 (a, b)
My car was damaged. (also / badly/ in an accident/ the other day)
It was not my fault. (definitely/ in any way)
MY CAR WAS ALSO BADLY DAMAGED (BADLY) IN AN ACCIDENT THE OTHER DAY.
IT (DEFINITELY) WAS DEFINITELY NOT MY FAULT IN ANY WAY.

24. Page 131 – exercise 6 (c, d)
The driver jammed on his brakes. (in front of me/ right/ stupidly/ very)
It is snowing. (still/ hard/ quite/ today)
THE DRIVER VERY STUPIDLY JAMMED ON HIS BRAKES (VERY STUPIDLY) RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME
(TODAY) IT IS STILL SNOWING QUITE HARD (TODAY).
STILL, IT IS SNOWING QUITE HARD TODAY.

25. Page 131 – exercise 6 (e, f)
Willie was with me and confirmed everything I said. (at the time/ enough/ fully/ luckily)
If it is snowing I shall stay. (at home/ at six/ by the television/ comfortably/ probably/ still/ the whole evening)
LUCKILY ENOUGH, WILLIE WAS WITH ME AT THE TIME AND FULLY CONFIRMED EVERYTHING I SAID.
IF IT IS STILL SNOWING AT SIX I SHALL PROBABLYSTAY COMFORTABLY AT HOME BY THE TELEVISION THE WHOLE EVENING.

26. Page 131 – exercise 6 (g, h) I have liked snow. (frankly/ much/ never)
I like to row. (about the lake/ in the park/ also/ gently/ in the early autumn/ sometimes)
FRANKLY, I HAVE NEVER (MUCH) LIKED SNOW MUCH.
SOMETIMES (, IN THE EARLY AUTUMN), I ALSO LIKE (ALSO) TO ROW GENTLY ABOUT THE LAKE IN THE PARK IN THE EARLY AUTUMN.

27. Page 131 – exercise 6 (i)
I want to do things I couldn’t do. (luckily, obviously/ only/ rarely)
LUCKILY, I ONLY RARELY WANT TO DO THE THINGS I OBVIOUSLY COULDN’T DO.

28. DISJUNCTS
A BRIEF OVERVIEW

29. DISJUNCTS DISJUNCTS STYLE DISJUNCTS
Comment the style, form, conditions of speaking
CONTENT/
ATTITUDINAL DISJUNCTS (comment the truth value of an utterance)
CERTAINTY
EVALUATION
DON’T FORGET: He was drunk, because he couldn’t stand. > NOT A DISJUNCT, EITHER REUSULT ADJUNCT OR (REMOTELY POSSIBLE?) CAUSE ADJUNCT.
NOTE: apparently/perhaps > SIMILAR TO MODALITY ADJUNCTS, HOWEVER THEY ARE DISJUNCTS BECAUSE THEY ARE SUBJECTIVE HERE > it appears to me that the play was written by… I think it is somewhat possible (=perhaps) that the play was written by…

30. DISJUNCTS: more info Disjuncts are typically PPs and CLAUSES.
STYLE DISJUNCTS convey either:
Speaker’s assertion of truth (truthfully), or
Speaker’s indication of generalization (broadly).
ATTITUDINAL DISJUNCTS comment on:
TRUTH VALUE OF THE SENTENCE (CERTAINTY)
General: certainly
General + perception: obviously
General + comment on reality of content: really
CONTENT OF COMMUNICATION (EVALUATION)
General: understandably
General + comment on clause subject: wisely (similar to subjuncts)
I KNOW, YOU SEE, I MEAN > style discjuncts

31. PAGE 131 – exercise 7 ATTITUDINAL
It is obvious that there has been a mistake.
That there has been a mistake is obvious.

32. Page 131 – exercise 7 (b, c) ATTITUDINAL
It was foolish of me to forget to ask her name.
That I forgot to ask her name was foolish of me.
ATTITUDINAL
It was understandable that she was very upset.
That she was very upset was understandable.

33. Page 131 – exercise 7 (d, e) ATTITUDINAL
We were lucky to manage to find our way back.
ATTITUDINAL
You were quite right to phone/to have phoned the police first.

34. CONJUNCTS
A BRIEF OVERVIEW

35. CONJUNCTS (1/2)
They have a CONNECTIVE FUNCTION between SENTENCES (sometimes, they are called SENTENCE LINKERS)
Most typically, they take the INITIAL POSITION, but they are not restricted to it.
Sometimes, they can take the MEDIAL and FINAL position:

36. CONJUNCTS (2/2)
There are many classifications of conjuncts, below there is a list of THE MOST FREQUENT classes of conjuncts (there are many other classes, which are not given here):

37. PAGE 132 – exercise 9

38. ANYWAY
PROVIDED
IN OTHER WORDS
FOR EXAMPLE
ALTERNATIVELY
IN ADDITION
IN CASE
IN FACT
ON THE CONTRARY
ALL IN ALL

39. INDEED HOWEVER FOR EXAMPLE OWING TO MOREOVER DUE TO AS WELL AS
OWING TO and DUE TO are PREPOSITIONS, NOT CONJUNCTIONS, NOR CONJUNCTS.

40. Thank you for your time!
THE END