1. CHAPTER 11.1
GENES ARE MADE OF DNA

2. What is in your GENES?
No not that kind!
These kind of genes!

3. GRIFFITH’S “TRANSFORMING FACTOR” IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
Frederick Griffith proved that a substance in one strain of bacteria causes a change in another strain

4. FIGURE 11.1

5. AVERY SHOWS DNA IS THE TRANSFORMING FACTOR
Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase took Griffith’s experiment one step further
Did experiments with viruses
Concluded that DNA is the genetic material of the cell

6. VIRUS EXPERIMENTS PROVIDE MORE EVIDENCE
A virus consists of a package of nucleic acid in a protein coat
Bacteriophage- a virus that infect bacteria

7. VIRUS

8. Figure 11-4

9. DNA’S STRUCTURE
1950 Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins produced photographs of DNA using x-ray crystallography

10. Erwin Chargaff- 1952
Observed that the number of adenine equals the number of thymine .
Observed that the number of guanine equals the number of cytosine.

11. DOUBLE HELIX
In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick looked at the photographs and with Chargaff’s discovery gave DNA a shape of a double helix

12. DOUBLE HELIX Double Helix- twisting shape
Hypothesized that the strands were connected by hydrogen bonds

13. CLASS WORK
Make a list of at least four of the scientists we discussed today and discuss their contribution to the discovery of DNA.

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS STORE INFORMATION IN THEIR SEQUENCE OF CHEMICAL UNITS
CHAPTER 11.2
NUCLEIC ACIDS STORE INFORMATION IN THEIR SEQUENCE OF CHEMICAL UNITS

15. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, heritable genetic information of an organism
Polymer built from monomers
Nucleotides- monomers of DNA, building blocks, contain three parts

16. NUCLEOTIDES 1) A ring shaped sugar called deoxyribose
2) A phosphate group
3) A nitrogenous base

18. NITROGENOUS BASE Divided into two groups
Pyrimidines- single ring structures
Purines- double ring structures

20. DNA STRANDS
Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate

21. COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS
Adenine (A) bonds to Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) bonds to Cytosine (C)
EXAMPLE:
AAT GCT ATG
TTA CGA TAC

22. PRACTICE 1) AAT GGC TAT 2) CAT GAT TAC 3) CCG TTA CCA 4) GCG ATA GAC
5) CAG TCA GCA

23. THE TEMPLATE MECHANISM
When a cell divides a complete new set of genetic instructions is made
Stopped here

24. THE TEMPLATE MECHANISM
DNA Replication- the process of copying the DNA molecule

25. Enzymes Involved in Replication
DNA Helicase- unzips DNA, breaks the Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs in order to create origin of replication

27. REPLICATION OF THE DOUBLE HELIX
DNA Polymerase- makes the covalent bonds between the nucleotides

28. Class Work
1. Describe how DNA replicates by using a template. 2. List the steps involved in DNA replication. 3. Under what circumstances is DNA replicated?

29. Class Work
1. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Which parts make up the backbone of a DNA strand? 2. List the two base pairs found in DNA. 3. If six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix are AGTCGG, what are the six bases on the complementary section of the other strand of DNA?

30. THE TEMPLATE MECHANISM
When a cell divides a complete new set of genetic instructions is made

31. THE TEMPLATE MECHANISM
DNA Replication- the process of copying the DNA molecule

32. REPLICATION OF THE DOUBLE HELIX
DNA Polymerase- makes the covalent bonds between the nucleotides

34. Class Work
1. Describe how DNA replicates by using a template. 2. List the steps involved in DNA replication. 3. Under what circumstances is DNA replicated?

35. A GENE PROVIDES THE INFORMATION FOR MAKING A SPECIFIC PROTEIN
CHAPTER 11.4 and 11.5
A GENE PROVIDES THE INFORMATION FOR MAKING A SPECIFIC PROTEIN

36. ONE GENE, ONE POLYPEPTIDE- Don’t need to write
George Beadle and Edward Tatum worked with the bread mold neurospora crassa

37. ONE GENE, ONE POLYPEPTIDE- Don’t need to write
One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis- the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme
Now…ONE GENE-ONE POLYPEPTIDE HYPOTHESIS

38. INFORMATION FLOW: DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
RNA- ribonucleic acid, has a sugar or ribose, base uracil, single stranded

39. INFORMATION FLOW: DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
Deoxyribose
Thymine
Double-Stranded
RNA
Ribose
Uracil
Single Stranded

40. INFORMATION FLOW: DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

41. INFORMATION FLOW: DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
Transcription- when DNA is converted into single stranded mRNA, in nucleus
mRNA moves to cytoplasm while DNA stays in the nucleus

42. INFORMATION FLOW: DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
Translation- the nucleic acid information (RNA) is converted into amino acids, in cytoplasm
Codon- a three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid
Several codons form a polypeptide

43. TRANSLATION: RNA TO PROTEIN
Transfer RNA- translates the 3 letter codon of mRNA into an amino acid

44. TRANSLATION: RNA TO PROTEIN
Anticodon- a triplet of bases that is complementary to a specific mRNA sequence

47. THE TRIPLET CODE
Marshall Nirenberg figured out that the codon UUU makes the amino acid phenylalanine

49. CHANGE THE DNA to mRNA 1. TAT CAT GAT 2. CCA GGG CTA 3. TAC TAG TTC
4. GCA ATA TTC
5. GCA ATG CCT
PAGE 12 CLASSWORK/HW

50. CLASS WORK
1. How did Beadle and Tatum's research result in the "one gene–one polypeptide" hypothesis? 2. Which molecule completes the flow of information from DNA to protein? 3. Which amino acid is coded for by the RNA sequence CUA? 4. List two ways RNA is different from DNA.

51. THERE ARE TWO MAIN STEPS FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
CHAPTER 11.5
THERE ARE TWO MAIN STEPS FROM GENE TO PROTEIN

52. TRANSCRIPTION: DNA TO RNA
3 types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Messenger RNA- an RNA molecule which is transcribed (COPIED) from a DNA template
RNA Polymerase- links the RNA nucleotides together

54. EDITING THE RNA MESSAGE
Intron- non-coding regions of DNA
Exon- parts of a gene that will be translated or expressed
RNA Splicing- when the introns are removed from the RNA before it moves to the cytoplasm

56. TRANSLATION: RNA TO PROTEIN
Transfer RNA- translates the 3 letter codon of mRNA into an amino acid

57. TRANSLATION: RNA TO PROTEIN
Anticodon- a triplet of bases that is complementary to a specific RNA sequence
Ribosomal RNA- located in the ribosome

60. CLASS WORK
1. What kind of nucleic acid is made during transcription? 2. How do introns and exons relate to RNA splicing? 3. List the three RNA types involved in transcription and translation, and describe the role of each. 4. Briefly describe the steps of protein synthesis.

61. MUTATIONS CAN CHANGE THE MEANING OF GENES
CHAPTER 11.6
MUTATIONS CAN CHANGE THE MEANING OF GENES

62. HOW MUTATIONS AFFECT GENES
Mutation- any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Two types
Base Substitution
Base Insertion/Deletion

64. WHAT CAUSES MUTATIONS? Errors in DNA replication
Mutagens- physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
X-rays
UV Light
Smoking
Mutations can be harmful or beneficial

69. Muscular hypertrophy- double muscles

74. CLASS WORK
1. Explain why a base substitution is often less harmful than a base deletion or insertion.

2. Describe how a mutation could be helpful rather than harmful.

3. Give an example of a mutagen.
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