1. ADDRESSING GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN TWO INDONESIAN CITIES: POLICY CHANGE & PATH DEPENDENCY Rukuh Setiadi Urban Research Program Griffith School of Environment Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia

2. POINT OF DISCUSSION Observing the process of climate change adaptation in two Indonesian cities (early adopters). Comparison: Adaptation plans vs. Adaptation actions Patterns of city government decisions? Factors influencing the decision patterns Implications for climate adaptation policies and adaptation research for cities

3. PATTERN OF GOVERNMENT DECISIONS IN RESPOND TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS Situation A and D are favourable. Situation B and C are less favourable: may represent serious flaws in the context of adaptation response barriers in the implementation of adaptation strategies. Many cities in developing countries likely encounter situation B and C more often than situation A and D. Possible outputs PLANS & STRATEGIES Highly Prioritized Less Prioritized IMPLEMENTATION ImmediateAB (?) Later/ Delay C (?)D

4. CASE STUDIES The city of Semarang & Pekalongan Coastal cities; Face similar threats resulting of climate change Early adopters of CC policy International NGOs engagements

5. URBANISATION LEVEL Geographical areas: Pekalongan City’s size is only 12 percent of Semarang’s Population: Semarang’s population is almost five times larger than that of Pekalongan Land use: Lowland coastal areas of Semarang is highly urbanised than that of Pekalongan

6. (PRIORITISED) ADAPTATION STRATEGIES THE CITY OF SEMARANG

7. (PRIORITISED) ADAPTATION STRATEGIES THE CITY OF PEKALONGAN

8. DECISION PATTERNS Implication for resilience PLANS & STRATEGIES Highly Prioritized Less Prioritized IMPLEMENTATION ImmediateA: Revision of the coastal zone plan Integrate drainage infrastructure development B: Rain water harvesting Flood early warning system Later/ DelayC (?)D City government of Pekalongan City government of Semarang Comprehensive; Less path dependent Incremental; Highly path dependent

9. EXPLANATION ON THE PATTERN OF ADAPTATION ACTIONS Actors and process point of view: Policy process theories Policy-makers' averse risks behaviour Cross-cutting and technical point of view: Leadership, communication, and coordination Multilevel governance point of view: Authority divisions across government levels Historical point of view: Path dependence theory – urbanization as source of path dependence