1. DNA DiscoveryStructureReplication 40 questions

2. 1. Describe the two strains of bacteria Griffith used in his experiment with mice. S strain (deadly) S strain (deadly) -produced a protective slime coating that helped it evade the mouse immune system. helped it evade the mouse immune system. -caused pneumonia (a deadly lung disease) in mice. mice. R strain (harmless) R strain (harmless) - did not produce a protective slime coating and therefore was easily defeated by the and therefore was easily defeated by the mouse immune system. mouse immune system.

3. 2. What happened to the mice when Griffith injected them with the heat-killed S strain? The mice lived.

4. The mice died of pneumonia. + 3. What happened to the mice when Griffith injected them with a mixture of heat-killed S strain and live R strain?

5. 4. A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria. a.Transcription b.Replication c.Transformation d.duplication

6. 5. Oswald Avery used ____ to degrade (break down) various molecules taken form heat-killed bacteria. a.sulfur b.enzymes c.toxins d.x-rays

7. 6. What types of macromolecules did Avery use enzymes on. CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsRNADNA

8. 7. What kind of enzyme did Avery use to degrade bacterial proteins? a.carbohydrases b.lipases c.proteases d.DNAses Membrane protein

9. 8. How did Avery ensure the validity of the results of his experiment with bacteria and mice? a.He degraded only one type of molecule at a time. b.He used all the enzymes at the same time. c.He decided not to degrade proteins and DNA. d.He injected a mixture of degraded molecules into mice at the same time.

10. 9. Bacteriophages are a.a form of bacteria b.enzymes c.coils of DNA d.viruses

11. 10. What two organisms did Hershey and Chase work with in their study of DNA? a.Bacteriophages and mice b.E. coli bacteria and mice c.Bacteriophages and E. coli bacteria d.Bacteriophages and viruses Bacteriophages E. coli bacterium

12. 11. Interpret this micrograph. Bacteriophages breaking out of a bacterium that has been infected. Bacteriophages Lysed Bacterium Phages emerging

13. 12. What radioactive element did Hershey and Chase use to “tag” DNA? 32 P (phosphorus) DNA

14. 13. What radioactive element did Hershey and Chase use to “tag” the protein coat? 35 S (sulfur) The amino acid methionine

15. 14. Why can’t Hershey and Chase use to 35 S to tag phage DNA? DNA does not contain sulfur.

16. 15. What results did Hershey and Chase observe? a.The protein coats were injected into the bacterial cells causing transformation. b.Protein coats do not contain phosphorus. c.Radioactivity detected inside bacterial cells came from 32 P and not 32 S. d.Bacteriophages are good at infecting bacteria.

17. 16. What can be concluded from the Avery and Hershey & Chase experiments? a.DNA is the transforming molecule. b.Proteins are larger than nucleic acids. c.Enzymes are good at breaking down molecules. d.The S-strain is more deadly than the R-strain.

18. 17. Before DNA could be shown to be the genetic material in cells, scientists had to show that it could a.tolerate high temperatures b.carry, make copies of, and transmit information c.be modified in response to environmental conditions. d.be broken down into small subunits.

19. 18. A nucleotide does NOT contain a a.5-carbon sugar. b.nitrogen base c.protein d.phosphate group Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base

20. 19. According to Chargaff’s rule of base pairing, which of the following is true about DNA? a.A = T, and C = G b.A = C, and T = G c.A = G, and T = C d.A = T = C = G Erwin Chargaff (1905 – 2002) A C T G = =

21. Thymine Thymine Guanine Guanine_____________ Cytosine Cytosine 20. Name the missing nitrogenous base. Adenine

22. 21. Use Chargaff’s rule to complete the table below. Organism% Adenine% Cytosine% Guanine% Thymine Human30 60 100 + ?

23. 21. Use Chargaff’s rule to complete the table below. Organism% Adenine% Cytosine% Guanine% Thymine Human30 20 60 100 + 40

24. 22. The bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together come from a.The attraction of phosphate groups for each other. b.Strong bonds between nitrogenous bases and the sugar- phosphate backbone. c.Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. d.Carbon-to-carbon bonds in the sugar portion of the nucleotides. T G A C

25. 23. What is the term that describes how the two strands in DNA run in opposite directions? Antiparallel C A T G T AG C

26. 24. Who took this photo? Rosalind Franklin Photo 51 (1920 – 1958)

27. 25. What is this a photo of and what technique was used to make it? Photo 51 The photo shows the structure of DNA The photo shows the structure of DNA Rosalind used X-ray diffraction to take the picture Rosalind used X-ray diffraction to take the picture

28. 26. List two things this Rosalind Franklin learned from her photo? DNA has a double helix shape DNA has a double helix shape DNA is made of two strands. DNA is made of two strands. The nitrogenous bases are near the center. The nitrogenous bases are near the center. Photo 51

29. 27. Who are these two men and what are they famous for? James Watson and Francis Crick. James Watson and Francis Crick. They won the Nobel prize for building the first accurate model of DNA. They won the Nobel prize for building the first accurate model of DNA. James Watson (1928 - ) Francis Crick (1916 - 2004 )

30. 28. Name the three parts of the nucleotide shown below? C B A A.phosphate group B.sugar (deoxyribose) C.nitrogenous base

31. 29. The process of copying DNA prior to cell division is called a.cytokinesis b.Interphase c.Base pairing d.replication

32. 30. The diagram below shows the process of DNA a.replication b.digestion c.transformation d.transpiration

33. 31. The enzyme that “unzips” DNA during replication is called a.DNA polymerase b.carbohydrase c.helicase d.replicase

34. 32. The enzyme that “fastens” new nucleotides to the original DNA strand is called. a.carbohydrase b.DNA polymerase c.helicase d.replicase

35. 33. In which direction is the circled DNA polymerase moving? Right to left

36. 34. From left to right, identify the missing bases. T G A C

37. 35. Is the chromosome shown below from a prokaryote or eukaryote? How do you know? It is from a prokaryote It is from a prokaryote The DNA forms a loop or ring like this one The DNA forms a loop or ring like this one

38. 36. The micrograph below shows DNA in fruit flies. What are the “bubbles” (as indicated by the arrows) caused by? The bubbles are where DNA replication is taking place.

39. 37. Interpret the following sequence of diagrams? The diagrams demonstrate prokaryote replication, which involves only one replication bubble. Replication proceeds within the bubble in opposite directions. Replication bubble Replication nearly complete Two identical chromosomes identical chromosomesresult Replication in two directions

40. 38. How many replication forks are shown in this micrograph? There are two forks. One at each end of the bubble. Replication forks

41. 39. Is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic chromosome? How can you tell? Eukaryotic Eukaryotic The chromosome is rod shaped instead of circular. The chromosome is rod shaped instead of circular. Human chromatids

42. 40. What are the tips of chromosomes called and what enzyme replicates them. The tips are called telomeres The tips are called telomeres The enzyme is telomerase The enzyme is telomeraseTelomeres Telomeres