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BASICS OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGY IS… The scientific study of the human mind and its effect on behavior
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OBJECTIVES Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical and motor performance Understand the effects of physical activity participation on psychological development, health, and well-being
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ROLES OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGISTS
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RESEARCH ROLE Advance scholarly knowledge Try to answer questions that people have like: Do people have better race times when they are by themselves or with others?
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TEACHING ROLE Teach university courses Teach students studying physical education, kinesiology, psychology, physical therapy, athletic training, etc.
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CONSULTING ROLE Consult with individuals or teams to improve performance Most professional athletes have contact with sport psychologists Some colleges consult with sport psychologists
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CLINICAL ROLE Treating individuals with psychological problems Examples include: depression, anxiety, eating disorders
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
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EARLY YEARS (1893-1920) Norman Triplett (cyclists) E.W. Scripture- lab studies on reaction and muscle movement times
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GRIFFITH ERA (1921-1938) Coleman Griffith Father of American sport psychology First sport psychology lab
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PREPARATION FOR THE FUTURE (1939- 1965) Franklin Henry Responsible for the field’s scientific development Trained physical educators that started programs at other colleges
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ACADEMIC SPORT PSYCHOLOGY (1966- 1977) Sport psychology splits from kinesiology Focus less on muscle movement, more on thinking
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE (1978-2000) Interest in applied issues Defining training standards for specialists
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CONTEMPORARY SPORT PSYCHOLOGY (2001-PRESENT) How to educated and prepare students Sport Psychology becomes a specialization according to the APA (American Psychological Association)
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SCIENTIFIC STUDY
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD Problem- Define the problem; Ask a question Observation- see what other people have already found out about it Hypothesis- What do you think is going to happen? Experiment- Design a way to test (experiment, survey, case study) the hypothesis Conclusion- What your experiment or study indicates
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WAYS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IS STUDIED Surveys Case Study Experiments
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SURVEYS Problem: In a survey, you need two variables that are quantitative (meaning that they could have a range of scores) Observation: See what other surveys have said Hypothesis: Ask the question Experiment: Gather data; chart using a scatterplot to see if there is correlation Make a conclusion
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LET’S TRY IT Problem: Are people who are taller happier? Observation: Why would anyone study that… Hypothesis: People who are taller will rate themselves as happier on a scale of 1-10 Experiment: Collect the data Conclusion:??????
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CASE STUDY Observe someone’s behavior in-depth for a long period of time Really only gives insight into the individual
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EXPERIMENTS Intended to show causation- one thing causes another Variables Independent- the item being altered Dependent- a result of the change Groups Experiment- the group being tested Control- the group used for comparison
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LET’S TRY IT Problem: Are people faster as individuals or in a group? Observation: Triplett found that they are faster in a group Hypothesis: Students will perform a simple task faster when in competition with others Experiment: what are the two variables? What are the two groups? Conclusion:??????
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WHY DO WE WANT SCIENTIFIC DATA Unbiased Data is controlled If it is an experiment, we can determine causation
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PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE
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DEFINITION Knowledge gained through experience Not necessarily controlled or unbiased
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MADE UP OF: Introspection (thinking) Systematic observation Shared public experience Intuition (gut- feeling)
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SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ORIENTATIONS
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL Brain processes and their influence on physical activity
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SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL How behavior is determined by a complex interaction between the environment and personality
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL Behavior is determined by both the environment and how people think about and interpret their environment
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WHICH SPORT PSYCHOLOGY ORIENTATION?
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL This orientation would study the brain and its structures.
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SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL This orientation would study how competitive people are based on their personality.
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL This orientation would study why some people are better at concentrating than others.
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL This orientation would study how endorphins (chemicals in the brain) are affected by exercise.
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SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL This orientation would study the qualities it takes to be a good leader.
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SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL This orientation would study how groups get along based on shared experience and individual personalities.
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL This orientation would study the thought processes that make a person more likely to exercise.
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL This orientation would study how learning a new sport changes the structures of the brain
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SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL This orientation would study how recovery from injury is either facilitated or hurt by social support.
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL This orientation would study how addictions to controlled substances (like steroids) are a result of altered neurotransmitter (brain chemicals) pattern.
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL This orientation would study how self-confidence is affected by a positive view of the situation.
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL This orientation would study how thinking about doing well affects the actual action.
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ETHICS
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ETHICAL STANDARDS IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY Competence Integrity Professional and Scientific Responsibility Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity Concern for the Welfare of Others Social Responsibility
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