1. Molecular Biology I. Introduction A. History

2. 1. A. Meischer (1868) found consistent band rich in acid- phosphates 2. F. Griffith (1928) protein was not the inherited molecule

3. 3. E. Chagraff (1942) T=A and G=CG=C 4. E. Delbrook, A. Hershey and M. M. Chase (1952) DNA inherited molecule

4. 5. R. Franklin (1952) DNA => uniform diameter, helical shape, repeatable sequences. 6. J. Watson & F. Crick (1953) built a model of DNA Figure 10.3

5. II. DNA Replication A. Definition B. Rules

6. 1. Directional. build DNA 5’ to 3’ read 3’ to 5’ Figure 11.5

7. 2. Semi-conservative 3. Players == DNA Helicase, RNA Primase, DNA Polymerase, and DNA Ligase.

8. C. Process

9. 1. DNA Helicase Un-winds to form replication bubbles Figure 11.7

10. 2. RNA Primase lays down short RNA sequence against DNA

11. 3. DNA Polymerase reads 3’ to 5’ direction and lays down (5’ to 3’) Leading edge vs. Lagging edge (Okasaki fragments).

12. 4. DNA Ligase edits, excises, and refolds

13. III. Genetic Code

14. A. DNA  RNA  Protein B. Triplet Code

15. C. Specific Codes = Start, Stop, and Special Figure 11.10

16. IV. Transcription A. Definition & Players B. Process

17. 1. Initiation == transcription factors  attach, unwind, and orient RNA polymerase along the DNA strands

18. 2. Elongation == RNA polymerase reads and lays down bases

19. 3. Termination == initiation factors recognize and release the RNA polymerase & Modification Figure 11.12

20. V. Translation A. Definition & Players B. Process

21. 1. Initiation == rRNA reads start codon on mRNA, and attaches, first tRNA lands to match its anti-codon to codon Figure 11.15

22. 2. Elongation == matching tRNA’s anti-codon to mRNA’s codon as the ribosome slides along the mRNA Figure 11.16

23. Codon Chart Figure 11.10

24. 3. Termination = ribosome reads a stop codon, release protein from last tRNA, release tRNA, and remove ribosome 4. Modification = cutting and folding protein

25. C. Organelles

26. What organelles are involved in building proteins which are to be used by the cell? Ribosomes! What organelles are involved in building proteins which are to be put into vacuoles for shipping or retention? Ribosomes, rER, and Golgi! 1. Intracellular 2. Extracellular

27. Meaning comes with effort.