2. GROUP 7 HSTA Summer 2007

4. Of the water that enters the kidney, only 1% remains as urine. Urine can clear up athletes foot. A Kidney is the size of the heart. 1 ml of urine produced per minute. 60 ml of urine produced per hour. 1.5 liters of urine produced per day. 15.7 million of Americans have diabetes, 10.3 has been diagnosed with Diabetes, and 5.4 are yet to be diagnosed. West Virginia is the 3 rd -ranking state for obesity, and one of the top states with diabetes.

5. Remove Waste Products Regulate Fluid Balance Regulate Electrolyte Balance

6. Dialysis is a natural cleaning of the blood, performed by the Kidney. When this does not occur as in numerous Diabetes patients, there has to be a substitute. Hemodialysis - cleans the blood in a machine. Peritoneal Dialysis - a solution is placed in the peritoneal cavity to absorb wastes. The “dirty” solution is removed, and new solution is added. Also many diabetics have an insulin pump to regulate their blood sugar.

7. Three Experiments Experiment 1: A model of kidney damage Experiment 2: A model of high blood pressure Experiment 3: A model of the combination of kidney damage & high blood pressure We used statistics to analyze our data using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

8. Container filled with water Dialysis tube filled with simulated blood “Urine” containing salts can leave the tube Blood cells, sugar, & protein cannot

9. A Model of Kidney Damage Simulated blood was added to a bag of dialysis tubing Tiny holes were punched in the bag to model kidney damage Three treatment groups: –Control group: no holes in bag –Treatment group 1: 6 holes –Treatment group 2: 12 holes Examined “urine” produced –Sugar –Protein –Salt –Specific Gravity –Color

10. A model of kidney damage: Effects of punching holes in dialysis tubing More sugar leaked out of the “kidney” into the “urine” when more holes were present

11. A Model of High Blood Pressure Simulated blood was added to a bag of dialysis tubing Weight was added on top of the bags to simulate increased blood pressure Three treatment groups: –Control group: no additional pressure (weight) on bag –Treatment group 1: 270 grams of weight on bag –Treatment group 2: 290 grams of weight on bag Examined “urine” produced –Sugar –Protein –Salt –Specific Gravity –Color

12. Tests showed more sugar in the control “urine,” and we think the bags might have been leaking, since we saw some “blood” leak out where they were tied A Model of High Blood Pressure

13. A Model of Kidney Damage & High Blood Pressure Simulated blood was added to a bag of dialysis tubing Holes AND weight were added to the bags to simulate kidney damage + high blood pressure Three treatment groups: –Control group: no holes in bag AND no weight. –Treatment group 1: 6 holes + 270 g of weight. –Treatment group 2: 12 holes + 290 g of weight. Examined “urine” produced –Sugar –Protein –Salt –Specific Gravity –Color

14. More sugar leaked out of the “kidney” an into the urine when there were more holes & more pressure A Model of Kidney Damage AND High Blood Pressure

15. Conclusions Sugars leaked from dialysis bags with: –Holes –Pressure & Holes This helped us model the fact that Kidney damage can cause leakage of sugar (glucose) from the blood into the urine –High blood pressure can increase this

17. www.dentalplans.com/Dental-Health-Articles/Diabetes-and-Your-Kidneys.asp www.newsobserver.com/content/news/health_science/story_graphics/20070129_diabetes.jpg www.healthyamericans.org/reports/obesity2005/release.php?StateID=WV www.indmedica.com/journals/images/jaha/015_002_diabetes9.jpg

18. www.dentalplans.com/Dental-Health-Articles/Diabetes-and-Your-Kidneys.asp www.newsobserver.com/content/news/health_science/story_graphics/20070129_diabetes.jpg www.healthyamericans.org/reports/obesity2005/release.php?StateID=WV www.indmedica.com/journals/images/jaha/015_002_diabetes9.jpg