1. Chapter 38

2.  Breaks food down into a form usable by cells (small enough to diffuse into cells).

3.  Water  Carbohydrates  Fats  Proteins  Vitamins  Minerals

4. Site Mouth Stomach Small intestine (from pancreas) Small intestine Site Mouth Stomach Small intestine (from pancreas) Small intestine Enzyme Role in Digestion Section 38-2 Salivary amylase Pepsin Amylase Trypsin Lipase Maltase, sucrase, lactase Peptidase Breaks down starches into disaccharides Breaks down proteins into large peptides Continues the breakdown of starch Continues the breakdown of protein Breaks down fat Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.

5.  Mouth  Esophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Large intestine  Rectum  Anus

6. Mouth Salivary glands Stomach Pancreas (behind stomach) Large intestine Small intestine Rectum Gallbladder (behind liver) Liver Esophagus Pharynx Section 38-2

7.  Salivary glands  Liver  Pancreas

8. Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Bile duct Pancreas Pancreatic duct To rest of small intestine Section 38-2

9.  Small intestine nutrients  Large intestine water

10. Small Intestine Villus Circular folds Villi Epithelial cells Capillaries Lacteal Vein Artery Section 38-2

11.  Heartburn  Ulcers  Diarrhea  Constipation

12. Chapter 38

13.  Helps maintain homeostasis.  Rids the body of the wastes of metabolism.  Excess salts  Carbon dioxide  Urea  Excess water  Maintains blood volume and pH.

14.  Liver  Lungs  Kidneys  Skin

15.  Blood from the intestines flows through the liver to be detoxified before traveling to the rest of the body.  Breaks down excess proteins into the waste product urea.

16.  Excrete carbon dioxide, water and heat.

17.  Remove waste products from the blood.  Excess water, excess salts and urea which make up urine.  Maintain blood pH.  Regulate water content of blood (volume).

18. Kidney (Cross Section) Cortex Medulla Vein Artery Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Section 38-3

19.  Filtration – everything but cells are filtered out of the blood (passive).  Reabsorption – water and nutrients are absorbed back into the blood (active). What remains behind is urine.  Excess water  Salts  Urea

20. Kidney Nephron Cortex Medulla Renal artery Renal vein Ureter To the bladder Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Capillaries Collecting duct To the ureter Loop of Henle Artery Vein Section 38-3

21.  Having two kidneys provides a backup.  If both fail, a transplant or dialysis is needed.

22. Vein Artery Shunt Air detector Dialysis machine Blood pump Blood in tubing flows through dialysis fluid Used dialysis fluid Compressed air Fresh dialysis fluid Section 38-3

23.  Excretes sweat: water, salt and urea.  Excretes heat – helps maintain homeostasis.