1. MCRFD
Infection Control Training
Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens

2. Definitions
Pathogen – Microorganisms that cause infections – such as viruses and bacteria.

3. Definitions
Bloodborne pathogens – transmitted through blood or other potentially infectious material such as certain bodily fluids (semen, breast milk, etc.) or tissues.
Airborne pathogens – transmitted by airborne droplets such as those from coughing, sneezing, or breathing close to someone’s face.

4. First Responder Concerns - Bloodborne
AIDS/HIV – can result from blood splash onto mucous membrane (eyes, nose, and mouth) or by blood coming into contact with open skin

5. First Responder Concerns - Bloodborne
Hepatitis B – transmitted same as HIV, but there is some risk in mouth to mouth rescue breathing
Hepatitis C

6. First Responder Concerns - Airborne
Tuberculosis – spread when people with untreated TB germs in their lungs cough, sneeze or speak
Meningitis – risk of on the job exposure minimal

7. Infected Blood Can Enter Your System through
Open Sores
Cuts
Abrasions
Acne
Any sort of damaged or broke skin such as sunburn or blisters
Mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth

8. Four Diseases Most Likely to Encounter
HIV/AIDS
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Tuberculosis

9. HIV/AIDS
HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus – attacks a type of white blood cells – T cells which is a part of the immune system. The body is left without a line of defense against infection. Person becomes susceptible to opportunistic diseases such as pneumonia.
Initially no signs of having the virus.

10. HIV/AIDS The virus lives outside the body only a few hours.
Four modes of transfer – blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk.

11. HIV/AIDS
AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome – Once a person is HIV positive and contracts an opportunistic disease, they are considered to have AIDS.
There is no vaccination for HIV.

12. AIDS Statistics – United States
At the end of 2005, the CDC estimated there were 437,982 people living with AIDS.
At the end of 2005, the CDC estimated there were between 1,039,000 and 1,185,000 living with HIV.

13. AIDS Statistics – United States

14. AIDS Statistics – United States

15. Hepatitis B (HBV) Potentially life threatening
CDC estimates there are about 280,000 HBV infections each year in the US
Approximately 8,700 health care workers contract HBV each year, and about 200 will die.

16. Hepatitis B Symptoms
Weight loss
Malaise
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Jaundice (yellow skin)
Skin Rashes
Aching Joints
Incubation period for Hepatitis B ranges from 45 to 180 days with an average of 120 days.
Some people will be asymptomatic, but can be carriers.

17. Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus in Various Body Fluids
High
Moderate
Low/Not Detectable
blood
semen
urine
serum
vaginal fluid
feces
other fluids from wounds
saliva
sweat
tears
breastmilk

18. HIV vs. Hepatitis B HIV Hepatitis B
10 – 50 virus particles per ml of blood
At lest 1,000,000 virus particles per ml of blood
Virus lives outside the body for only a few hours
Virus lives outside the body for up to 7 days
Up to 100 times easier to catch than HIV
No vaccination available
Vaccinations available – 3 doses

19. Hepatitis C 3-4 million carriers Disease can incubate for decades
Most carriers will have some liver damage, but may not feel sick.
Some may develop cirrhosis of the liver and liver failure which may take years to develop.

20. Hepatitis C Risk Factors
Long-term kidney dialysis
Sex with multiple partners
Tattooing or body piercing with shared needles or unsterilized equipment
Intranasal cocaine use with shared straws
People who received blood transfusions before 1992

21. Hepatitis C Risk Factors
Drug Users who share needles
Babies born to mothers who have Hepatitis C
Health care workers, dental workers, emergency workers, and others who have contact with blood and body fluid

22. Hepatitis C There is no vaccination against HCV
No treatment after exposure
Prevention is imperative

23. Spread of Bloodborne Pathogens - Review
Puncture by a sharp object infected with the Virus
Contaminated object or substance touches inflamed skin, acne, skin abrasion

24. Spread of Bloodborne Pathogens - Review
Touch a contaminated surface or substance and then touch your eyes, nose, mouth, or open wounds or inflamed skin

25. How to Reduce Your Risk
Use your personal protective equipment, including: medical gloves, firefighter gloves, bunker gear, helmet, face shield, protective goggles, protective gowns.
What you use depends on the incident.
Do not eat, drink, smoke, or handle contact lens in areas where there is the possibility of exposure.