2. Sewage and Effluent Treatment 2-4 November 2002 Seán Moran -The first few slides

3. Day One: 2 November 2002 Overview: Wastewater Engineering Wastewater Characteristics Wastewater Treatment Considerations Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Physical, Chemical and Biological Processes

4. Overview: Wastewater Engineering Wastewater Treatment Wastewater is the water used by a community Collected and treated prior to discharge Standards of treatment vary but are generally becoming more stringent Treatment is a process of removal of smaller and smaller particles

5. Overview: Wastewater Engineering Sludge Treatment Sludges are the product of biological treatment of wastewater Sludges comprise solids found in wastewater plus organisms used in the treatment process Disposal is a major issue Various disposal techniques are used but each has advantages and disadvantages

6. Overview: Wastewater Engineering Water Disposal and Re-Use Wastewater treatment generates a Cleaned Water Stream Cleaned water is often discharged to a larger body of water for dilution Alternatively, cleaned water my be re-used for irrigation or rarely drinking water production

7. Wastewater Characteristics Characteristics are normally estimated by empirical methods Wastewater Flows Flows arise from households, industry, infiltration and storm flows Flows are considered in both hydraulic and process design Levels of treatment may vary for different flowrates

8. Wastewater Characteristics Wastewater Flows There is a variety of methods for estimating flowrates However there may be great variability in the factors which affect flowrates from region to region Different multiples of the Dry Weather Flow will receive each level of treatment

9. Wastewater Characteristics Wastewater Composition Key design issues:  Solids: density, particle size, level of Volatile Suspended Solids  Biochemical Oxygen Demand  Temperature  Ammonia  Nutrient levels

10. Wastewater Characteristics Wastewater Treatment Considerations Objective: to maintain or improve the quality of the receiving body of water Treatment stages:  Preliminary  Primary  Secondary  Tertiary

11. Wastewater Characteristics Classification of Methods Physical Processes Chemical Processes Biological Processes Screening Sedimentation Filtration Precipitation Chlorination Aerobic Anaerobic

12. Wastewater Characteristics Applicability and Selection of Methods Different processes are used to treat wastewater depending on the contaminants present Similarly, different processes are used to treat sludges, depending on the objective of treatment

13. Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Flowrate and Mass Loading Wastewater feed is not specified, therefore the plant must be able to treat whatever the wastewater contains Plant design will take account of historical flows and loadings, but must also be able to deal with expansion Plant must also be able to deal with a range of flow and load conditions, plus peak upstream flow conditions (eg storms)

14. Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Selection of Design Flowrates Domestic: based on a flow per head. Varies between countries Industrial: Based on records of discharge consents and of metered supplies Infiltration/Exfiltration: based on a % of the domestic flow Peaking Factors: Depends on size of community

15. Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Selection of Design Flowrates Upstream Flow Equalisation  Plants are not normally designed to treat total peak arisings  Instead, hydraulic controls will direct flows above plant capabilities to storm system on larger works

16. Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Selection of Design Flowrates Upstream Flow Equalisation  UK maximum flow to treatment plant is determined by Formula A:  Formula A = PG+E+I+1360P+2E l/d P=population G=average daily consumption per head l/h/d E=Industrial & commercial discharges to sewer l/d I=infiltration l/d

17. Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Selection of Design Flowrates Upstream Flow Equalisation  For larger works with storm tanks, only “Full Treatment Flow” (FTF) will receive full treatment. FTF=3PG+3E+I  Formula A-FTF will pass to storm tanks

18. Overview: Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Selection of Design Mass Loadings Average mass loadings for BOD and Suspended Solids are commonly determined by Population Equivalent (PE) Design mass loadings are more complex and must take account of seasonal, diurnal and industrial load variations