1. Wastewater Collection (Sewer Alternatives)

2. Sewer Basics Collection and transport of wastewater from each home/building to the point where treatment occurs. Collection and transport of wastewater from each home/building to the point where treatment occurs. Wastewater Characterization Wastewater Characterization SolidsSolids LiquidsLiquids Pipe System Pipe System PlasticPlastic Ductile ironDuctile iron Concrete/linedConcrete/lined

3. Satellite Wastewater Management  Also called “decentralized” or “distributed”  Undertaken by utilities for a variety of reasons: Economics Economics To reuse water locally To reuse water locally To avoid expanding “centralized facilities To avoid expanding “centralized facilities  As communities expand, the distances from the new developments to existing wastewater treatment facilities becomes so great as to not be economically feasible  Sustainable Cost Effective, good for the public and the environment Cost Effective, good for the public and the environment

4. Collection System Alternatives 1. Conventional Gravity sewers 2. Septic Tank Effluent Gravity (STEG) 3. Septic Tank Effluent Pump (STEP) 4. Pressure Sewers with Grinder Pumps 5. Vacuum Sewers

5. Conventional Gravity vs. Pressure Sewers

6. Sewer Alternatives and Characteristics

7. Conventional Gravity Sewer Large pipe (8” minimum), manholes spaced 300-500 feet Large pipe (8” minimum), manholes spaced 300-500 feet Designed to transport solids Designed to transport solids Minimum velocity >2 fps (to avoid the deposition of solids) Max velocity = 15 fps Minimum velocity >2 fps (to avoid the deposition of solids) Max velocity = 15 fps Infiltration and Inflow (I & I) Infiltration and Inflow (I & I) Uniform Slope between manholes Uniform Slope between manholes Sewer sizeMinimum slope (feet/100 ft)Sewer sizeMinimum slope (feet/100 ft) 8-inch0.408-inch0.40 10-inch0.2810-inch0.28 12-inch0.2212-inch0.22 14-inch0.1714-inch0.17 16-inch0.1416-inch0.14 18-inch0.1218-inch0.12 24-inch0.0824-inch0.08

8. Conventional Gravity Sewer

9. Alignment: 24-inch sewers (or smaller) should be laid with straight alignment between manholes. Changes in pipe size: When a smaller sewer joins a larger one (at a manhole), the invert (bottom) of the larger sewer should be lowered sufficiently to overcome head losses. An approximate method is to place the 0.8 depth point of both sewers at the same elevation. Sewer Materials: many types, materials and bedding shall prevent damage from external loads, and joints shall prevent leakage 0.8 depths are aligned

10. Manholes * Located at changes in sewer size, direction, or slope * Or every 300-500 feet * Provides access for maintenance (cleanout, etc.) * Problematic because of Infiltration and Inflow (I&I)

11. Conventional Gravity Sewer Bedding: specified by an engineer for pipe type and anticipated loads

12. Conventional Gravity Sewer Backfill: suitable material, free of debris, stones, etc. DO NOT DISTURB SEWER ALIGNMENT DO NOT DISTURB SEWER ALIGNMENT Separation from Water Lines: 10 feet horizontal10 feet horizontal Water line 18-inches above sewerWater line 18-inches above sewer

13. Crown Corrosion H 2 S + H 2 O    H 2 SO 4 H2SH2S H 2 SO 4

14. Estimating Flowrate Equivalent Dwelling Unit (EDU) Equivalent Dwelling Unit (EDU) A residence with a given number of people (say 3.5) A residence with a given number of people (say 3.5) Represents the average household flowrate Represents the average household flowrate Design Peak Flowrate (DPF) Design Peak Flowrate (DPF) Flowrate expected in the collection system, assuming a given number of EDUs are discharging at the same time Flowrate expected in the collection system, assuming a given number of EDUs are discharging at the same time Typical values for systems with >50 EDUs is 0.35 to 0.5 gal/min-EDU Typical values for systems with >50 EDUs is 0.35 to 0.5 gal/min-EDU Total DPF Q DP = 0.5 N Total DPF Q DP = 0.5 N

15. Septic Tank Effluent Gravity STEG Small diameter plastic pipe Small diameter plastic pipe Conveys effluent from a septic tank Conveys effluent from a septic tank with an effluent filterwith an effluent filter No solids to transport (no minimum velocity required) No solids to transport (no minimum velocity required) Can be installed at variable (flat) grades Can be installed at variable (flat) grades No manholes No manholes Air-release valves needed at high points Air-release valves needed at high points

16. Septic Tank Effluent Gravity STEG

17. STEG Sewer Components

18. Pipe Size and Velocity

20. Septic Tank Effluent Pump STEP  High-head turbine pump used to pump screened septic tank effluent into a pressurized collection system.  Small diameter, plastic pipe (2-inch)  No Solids transport (no minimum velocities required)  Installed shallow  Can follow terrain  Air-release valves incorporated

21. STEP Components Building sewer (from house to septic tank) Building sewer (from house to septic tank) Septic Tank (or interceptor tank) Septic Tank (or interceptor tank) Vaults/pump basins (effluent filter and pump) Vaults/pump basins (effluent filter and pump) Pumps (submersible, high-head, turbine) Pumps (submersible, high-head, turbine) Service lateral (1.25-inch typical) Service lateral (1.25-inch typical) Check Valves (at pump outlet and at edge of property) Check Valves (at pump outlet and at edge of property)

22. Septic Tank Effluent Pump STEP

23. STEP System Design Data

24. STEP System Interceptor Tank

25. Pressure Sewer with Grinder Pumps Discharge pump with chopper blades in a small pump basin Discharge pump with chopper blades in a small pump basin Small diameter, pressure line, installed shallow Small diameter, pressure line, installed shallow Solids and greases are transported Solids and greases are transported Relatively simple installation Relatively simple installation Somewhat higher O&M Somewhat higher O&M No I&I No I&I

26. Pressure Sewer Grinder Pump basin

27. Grinder Pump Basin

28. Vacuum Sewer Central vacuum source maintains a vacuum on a small diameter sewer Central vacuum source maintains a vacuum on a small diameter sewer Pulls wastewater to a central location Pulls wastewater to a central location Ideal application: Ideal application: Flat terrainFlat terrain High water tableHigh water table 70-100 connections to be economical70-100 connections to be economical

29. Vacuum Sewer

30. Vacuum Sewer Components

31. Vacuum Station