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CHEE 370 Waste Treatment Processes
Lecture #5-Wastewater Treatment Process
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Review: WW Characterization
Solids content TS, TSS, TDS, VS (organic), FS (inorganic) Organic content BOD, COD, TOC, ThOD Micro-organisms Total coliform, fecal coliform Toxicity Acute toxicity (LC50), Chronic toxicity Nutrients TKN, NH3, TP, ortho-phosphate Flowrates Hydraulic flowrates (peak and min), Loadings
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Municipal WW Effluent (MWWE) Guidelines and Regulations
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Management of MWWE More than 3500 WWTP in Canada No real “standard”
Treatment strategies range from no treatment to state of the art In many systems, during wet weather the combined sewer outflow (CSO) of the sewer system and storm water system often exceeds total hydraulic capacity of the plant Kingston has this particular problem!!! Problems with aging infrastructure
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Data for 1999
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Legislation Municipalities are responsible for WW management
Provincial governments are responsible for regulating the operation of WWTP There is currently no federal legislation on municipal WW effluent Fisheries Act Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999
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Proposed Canada-wide Strategy for the Management of MWWE
Drafted Oct. 2007
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Facility Size Categories
Flow (Q) [m3/d] Very Small Q ≤ 500 Small 500 < Q ≤ 2500 Medium 2500 < Q ≤ 17500 Large 17500 < Q ≤ 50000 Very Large Q > 50000
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National Performance Standards
Effluent from all treatment plants must satisfy: CBOD5 ≤ 25 mg/L TSS ≤ 25 mg/L Total Residual Chlorine (TRC) ≤ 0.02 mg/L Ammonia: Based on acute and chronic toxicity TSS and CBOD5 values can be averaged: Very Small - Medium WWTP: Quarterly Large or Very Large WWTP: Monthly Consider changes in TSS and BOD5 as a function of time of day and season!
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Review: Toxicity Testing - Bioassays
LC50: Median lethal concentration for 50% of the organisms The diluted concentration of the wastewater that will kill 50% of the test population in a fixed time period NOEC: No Observed Effect Concentration The highest concentration of diluted wastewater that has no observable effect on the test organisms ACUTE TOXICITY CHRONIC TOXICITY
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Acute Testing Requirement
Rainbow Trout Test Swim-up fry or fingerling ( g) 96-h single concentration test (100% and control) 10 fish/test Three replicates=> To accommodate death arising from natural causes! Daphnia Magna Test “Water flea” - small freshwater crustacean 48-h single concentration test (100% and control) 30 daphnids/test Three replicates
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Daphnid
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Acute Toxicity Testing
Failure = when the effluent at 100% concentration kills more than 50% of the test organisms in the specified time period LC50 = 100%
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Acute Toxicity Testing
What happens if a test fails? “Toxicity Reduction Evaluation” (TRE) Try to identify the source of the toxicity Calculate the LC50 using a dilution series of the effluent within 5 days of a failed test Minimum 5 test concentrations plus a control Typical range: 100x (full strength) down to 1x (dilute) of the effluent
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Acute Toxicity Units (TUA)
TUA = 100/LC50 “Effluent Discharge Objectives” (EDO) EDO = 1 TUA Measured “At the end of the pipe” LC50 = 100%
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Chronic Toxicity Testing considers the local environment
Requirements are influenced by site-specific factors Type of waterway (river, stream, lake, etc.) Spawning location, recreational facilities etc. Effects on growth, reproduction, and swimming Fathead minnow larvae and Ceriodaphnia dubia 7-day test is typical
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EDO = 1TUC for diluted sample
Chronic Toxicity NOEC = 100% for diluted sample TUC = 100/NOEC EDO = 1TUC for diluted sample Measured at “the end of the mixing zone” Not at wastewater discharge point from plant! Dilution factor based on the type of receiving waterway Rivers and streams - Max 1:100 Dilution Lakes, reservoirs, enclosed bays - Max 1:10 Dilution
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Monitoring Frequencies
Facility Size CBOD5, TSS, Coliform, TKN, TP, NH3 TRC Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity Very Small Monthly Daily n/a Small Quarterly Medium Every 2 weeks Large Weekly 2x / day Very Large Daily (5-7 days/week) 3x / day Flowrates also monitored throughout the day
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Guidelines and Regulations: Other Contaminants
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Federal Discharge Guidelines
Fecal Coliforms: 100 colonies per 100 mL Total Coliforms: 1000 colonies per 100 mL TP: 1.0 mg-P/L Ammonia: 1 mg/L Nitrate: 10 mg/L pH: 6 to 9 Temperature - not to alter the ambient water temperature by more than 1 ºC
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Federal Discharge Guidelines
Cadmium: mg/mL Copper: 0.2 mg/mL Lead: 0 mg/mL (detection limit) Mercury: 0 mg/mL (detection limit) Nickel: 0.3 mg/mL Zinc: 0.5 mg/mL PCBs and dioxins: 0 mg/mL (detection limit) PCBs are serious carcinogens!
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Overview of Unit Operations in WW Treatment
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Typical Municipal WW TSS: 220 mg/L VSS: 165 mg/L BOD5: 220 mg/L
COD: 500 mg/L TKN: 40 mg-N/L Ammonia: 25 mg-N/L TP: 8 mg-P/L Ortho-phosphate: 5 mg-P/L
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Types of Reactors Used in WW Treatment
Batch Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) CSTR with recycle Plug flow Plug flow with recycle CSTR in series Fluidized-bed Packed-bed
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