1. An Employee-Owned Company Perchlorate Treatment Technologies: Biodegradation Prototype Thermal Decomposition Edward N. Coppola 215 Harrison Avenue Panama City, FL 23401 (850) 914-3188 ecoppola@ara.com 5th Annual Pollution Prevention & Hazardous Waste Management Conference & Exhibition

2. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 2 Overview n Optimization of the Thiokol Prototype Biodegradation Process Conversion to Low-Cost Nutrient Cost and Performance Impact Co-Contaminant Studies n Full-Scale Groundwater Treatment Plant for Henderson, Nevada n EPA Thermal Treatment Project

3. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 3 ARA Process n Optimized for High Concentration Effluents 1to >5,000 mg/liter perchlorate n Robust in High TDS, Highly Contaminated Effluents n Suspended-Growth Process n Continuous-Stirred Tank-Reactors (CSTR) Simple control and operation Adaptable to a wide range of flow/residence times Bio-accumulation of potential inhibitors is mitigated n Perchlorate Reduced with Many Different Nutrients

4. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 4 Thiokol Prototype n Operational Since Dec 1997 Thiokol Operated Under CRDA with AFRL Never Re-inoculated n Effluent Properties High Salt (KCl) ~2% High Nitrate & Nitrite Other Co-Contaminants Ammonium Perchlorate n Performance in 1999 15,400 lbs ClO 4 - Reduced 300-4600 mg/L ClO 4 - feed

5. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 5 Nutrient Evaluation n Prototype Design Basis Brewer’s Yeast and Cheese Whey Blend (~30:70) Nutrient Operations Were Problematic ãPre-mix dry nutrient in batch mode ãSuspended solids caused plugging problems ãDifficult to prevent fungal and microbial growth ãCost $0.50 to $1.00 per pound n Alternate Nutrients Low-Cost, Stable, Liquid, Pumpable, High Nutrient Value Food Industry Byproducts

6. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 6 Nutrient Evaluation n Laboratory Bottle Test Batch inoculation Conduct in 125 ml bottles Evaluate single variables Indicator of CSTR performance n Many Nutrients Work Acetate, alcohols, sugars, starches, proteins, carbohydrates n Two Candidates Evaluated Fruit Juice Waste Carbohydrate Byproduct (CBP)

7. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 7 Nutrient Evaluation n Fruit Juice Waste Sugar-Based Effluent Relatively Low Nutrient Value (~4%) Low Cost: Available for Transportation Cost Potential for Fermentation n Carbohydrate Byproduct (CBP) Multi-Component (Proteins, Sugars, Organic Acids, Etc.) High Nutrient Value (~50%) ãNutrient value based on biodegradable organic content Low Cost ( ~$25 per Ton) and Commercially Available Stable, Storable, Pumpable Liquid

8. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 8 Prototype Demonstration n Carbohydrate Byproduct (CBP) Selected CSTR Testing Confirmed Performance n Incremental Conversion Accomplished May 1999 Yeast-Whey Whey-CBP Straight CBP No Equipment Modifications Were Performed CBP was Diluted for Operational Considerations n Prototype Performance Was Unaffected Achieved Near Complete Perchlorate Reduction Mitigated Contamination of Nutrient Feed Nutrient & Chemical Costs Decreased by >90%

9. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 9 Prototype Performance for 1999

10. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 10

11. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 11

12. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 12 Alternate Effluents Evaluated n Objectives of Alternate Effluent Studies Can Alternate Effluents be Co-processed with ClO 4 - ? ãDetermine Impact to Perchlorate Biodegradation ãDetermine Threshold Concentration Determine Nutritional Contribution n Bottle Tests were Performed Ethylene Glycol Effluent Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) - From HMX Drying Brulin Solution - Contaminated Aqueous Degreaser

13. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 13

14. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 14

15. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 15

16. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 16

17. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 17 Co-Contaminant Evaluation n Boron From Corrosion Inhibitors Can Bio-accumulate n Cadmium From System Components n Aluminum Hydroxide: Al(OH) 4 - From Base Hydrolysis of Aluminized Compositions

18. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 18

19. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 19

20. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 20

21. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 21 Prototype Capability n Residence Time, hr: n Operating Temperature, o C: n Brine Tolerance, %TDS: n Nutrient Cost, $/lb ClO 4 - : n Nutrient Type: n Co-Contaminants: DesignCurrent 18-38 < 4-8 35-40< 20 5 > 2.00< 0.20 Yeast/WheyMany NO 3 - Many

22. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 22 Prototype Modifications n Project approved to increase capacity Production programs will increase effluent quantity Ammonium and potassium perchlorate effluents Initiate early Fall 2000 n Modifications will increase capacity 2 to 4-fold: Multiple effluent feed systems Higher capacity flow control valves Optimize configuration for series operation Upgrade nutrient feed systems and software Upgrade effluent handling

23. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 23 Full-Scale Treatment Plant n BMI Industrial Complex, Henderson, Nevada n Design Basis 825 GPM (1.2 MGD) Highly Contaminated Groundwater Nominal 400 mg/L Perchlorate Influent ã4000 lb/day perchlorate removal and destruction 12,000 mg/L Total Dissolved Solids Simultaneous Reduction of Nitrate and Chlorate < 8-Hour Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT) Meet NPDES Permit Requirements n Engineering Design Nearly Complete Teamed with Biothane Corporation for design/engineering

24. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 24 Biodegradation of Perchlorate in Groundwater Process Flow Diagram for Kerr-McGee Chemical LLC, Henderson, NV Applied Research Associates, Inc., Biothane Corporation, Smith & Loveless, Inc. Groundwater 825 GPM 400 mg/L ClO 4 - Micro Nutrients Equalization Tank Carbon Nutrient NaOH for pH Control Perchlorate-Reducing Anoxic Bioreactors Aerobic BOD Reduction Process Treated Groundwater Discharge

25. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 25 Groundwater Treatment Process Henderson, Nevada

26. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 26 Thermal Treatment n EPA project to regenerate ion exchange brine Thermal and hydrothermal approaches evaluated n Surrogate brine was prepared for testing ComponentsConcentration, mg/L Water Softener Salt7 wt% Sodium Nitrate800 (as NO 3 -) Sodium Sulfate3000 (as SO 4 =) Sodium Bicarbonate200 (as CO 3 =) Sodium Perchlorate50 (as ClO 4 -)

27. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 27 Hydrothermal Treatment n High temperature, high pressure approach n Non-catalytic process With and without promoting/reducing agents n Complete perchlorate reduction obtained 340 o C process temperature High ferric chloride concentration required n Partial perchlorate reduction obtained without promoting or reducing agents

28. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 28 Thermal Treatment Process

29. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 29 Thermal Treatment Process n Complete perchlorate reduction demonstrated At 170 o C with reducing/promoting agents Below 600 o C without reducing/promoting agents n Sulfate removal demonstrated n Preliminary process design developed Commercial off-the-shelf equipment n Economic evaluation showed 20-30% ROI possible Based on $100/Kgal of brine disposal & replenishment

30. a Demil Symposium 15 May 2000 30 Summary n Thiokol Prototype Optimization Results 90% Reduction in Nutrient and Chemical Cost Potential to Co-Process Many Contaminants/Effluents 2-4 Fold Improvement in Performance Possible n ARA Completed Designs for Largest Perchlorate Groundwater Treatment Process n ARA Issued a New Patent, “Biodegradation of Ammonium Perchlorate, Nitrate, Hydrolysates and Other Energetic Materials” n ARA Developed Economical Thermal Treatment Processes for Ion Exchange Brines