1. Fluids pH conductivity production mechanism enzymes hormones important signals isolation tools

2. Blood

4. Human Blood pH: 7.35 – 7.45 Constituents: RBC – 45% WBC – 0.7% Platelets Plasma – 54.3% 92% Water 8% Blood plasma proteins Purification: centrifugation

5. Human Blood Plasma Analytes: glucose amino acids fatty acids (dissolved or bound) carbon dioxide urea lactic acid Other Analytes: Antibodies Clotting Factors Lipoprotein particles

6. Human Blood Metabolic Profile: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, calcium. sodiumpotassiumchloridebicarbonate blood urea nitrogenmagnesium creatinineglucosecalcium Cholesterol levels: LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.LDLHDL cholesteroltriglyceride

7. Human Blood: Diagnostics blood cell shape – Sickle cell low red cell number – anaemia cell numbers and proportions – leukaemia and other maliganacy precursors coagulation – heamophilia contamination – bacteria (sepsis) + viruses (viremia) dissolved O2, CO2, CO blood types/rhesus pressure: systolic: 90-119, diastolic: 60-79 (120/80 as general average) pulse rate: 60-100 bpm

8. Urine

10. pH: 4.6-8.0 (7.0 = normal) Turbidity: calcium phosphate or bacterial infection Colouration: dehydration! Specific gravity: ketoacidosis/hydration tate Good N source when diluted

11. Urine 95% water urea 9.3 g/L chloride 1.87 g/L, chloride 1.87 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, creatinine 0.670 g/L other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds. other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds. Urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic Gram negative rods and cocci

12. Saliva

13. Amylase= starch -> maltose

14. Saliva pH: 5-8 (7.4 = normal) - low pH disrupts biofilms - buffering capacity - conductivity linked to ovulation Water – 99.5% Electrolytes Mucus ( glycoproteins) Antibacterial agents (thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide, secretory immunoglobulin A) Enzymes (lipase, amylase) Growth Factors Cells + products

15. Saliva ElectrolytesElectrolytes: 2–21 mmol/L sodiumsodium (lower than blood plasma)blood plasma 10–36 mmol/L potassium (higher than plasma)potassium 1.2–2.8 mmol/L calcium (similar to plasma)calcium 0.08–0.5 mmol/L magnesiummagnesium 5–40 mmol/L chloride (lower than plasma)chloride 25 mmol/L bicarbonate (higher than plasma)bicarbonate 1.4–39 mmol/L phosphatephosphate Iodine (mmol/L usually higher than plasma, but dependent variable according to dietary iodine intake) Iodine