1. Verbals
They are not verbs!

2. Verbals
No, not gerbils— verbals! A verbal is a form of a verb but it is NOT a verb!

3. Verbals There are three types of verbals: Participles Gerunds
Infinitives

4. Participles A participle is a form of a verb, but it is NOT a verb.
It is an ADJECTIVE.
Participles end in:
--ing
--ed
--en

5. Find the subject and verb…
The kittens crouching under the bed refused to come out.
The subject is KITTENS.
The verb is REFUSED.
So what does CROUCHING describe?
It acts as an ADJECTIVE describing the noun KITTENS.

6. Find the subject and verb…
The activist called for a waiting period for gun purchases.
The subject is ACTIVIST.
The verb is CALLED.
So what does WAITING describe?
It acts as an ADJECTIVE describing the noun PERIOD.

7. Find the subject and verb…
The police officers searched the abandoned warehouse.
The subject is POLICE OFFICERS.
The verb is SEARCHED.
So what does ABANDONED describe?
It acts as an ADJECTIVE describing the noun WAREHOUSE.

8. Find the subject and verb…
A badly cracked mirror hung crookedly on the wall in the foyer.
The subject is MIRROR.
The verb is HUNG.
So what does CRACKED describe?
It acts as an ADJECTIVE describing the noun MIRROR.

9. Student Practice
Find the subject and verb. Draw an arrow to the noun that the participle is modifying:
The papers, aged and yellow, were found in the file cabinet.
Shouting loudly, Jessica warned the pedestrian to look out for the car.
The sparkling water splashed in our faces.
Carefully painted and decorated, the pinata glittered in the sunlight.

10. Practice The papers, aged and yellow, were found in the file cabinet.
The subject is PAPERS.
The verb is WERE FOUND.
AGED modifies PAPERS.
AGED is an adjective.

11. Practice
Shouting loudly, Jessica warned the pedestrian to look out for the car.
JESSICA is the SUBJECT
WARNED is the VERB
SHOUTING modifies JESSICA
SHOUTING is an adjective

12. Practice The sparkling water splashed in our faces.
WATER is the SUBJECT
SPLASHED is the VERB
SPARKLING modifies WATER
SPARKLING is an adjective.

13. Practice
Carefully painted and decorated, the pinata glittered in the sunlight.
PINATA is the SUBJECT.
GLITTERED is the VERB.
PAINTED and DECORATED modify PINATA
PAINTED and DECORATED are adjectives.

14. Participles
Remember…PARTICIPLES are ADJECTIVES.

15. Gerunds A gerund is a form of a verb, but it is NOT a verb.
It is a noun.
Gerunds end in:
--ing

16. Gerunds Subjects Direct objects Predicate nominatives
Gerunds can be used in four ways:
Subjects
Direct objects
Predicate nominatives
Objects of the preposition

17. Gerunds Used 4 Ways
1. As a Subject
Jogging can be good exercise.

18. Gerunds Used 4 Ways
2. As a Direct Object
Did they enjoy hiking?

19. Gerunds Used 4 Ways 3. As a Predicate Nominative
My favorite hobby is fishing.

20. Gerunds used 4 ways Lock the door before leaving.
4. As an Object of the Preposition
Lock the door before leaving.

21. Gerund as Subject
Studying usually pays off nicely with higher test scores.
The subject is STUDYING.
The verb is PAYS.
Studying is a SUBJECT.

22. Gerund as Direct Object
Many government groups forbid releasing student information to outside groups.
The subject is GROUPS.
The verb is FORBID.
Forbid what? RELEASING.
RELEASING is a DIRECT OBJECT.

23. Gerund as Predicate Nominative
My favorite form of relaxation is shopping.
The subject is FORM.
The verb is IS.
RELAXATION = SHOPPING
SHOPPING is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE.

24. Gerund as Object of the Preposition
The study shows a link between using computers and improving student performance.
The subject is STUDY.
The verb is SHOWS.
BETWEEN is a preposition
USING and IMPROVING are the objects of the preposition BETWEEN.

25. Practice Locate the subject and verb.
Identify the underlined gerund as:
S -- Subject
DO -- Direct Object
OP -- Object of the Preposition
PN -- Predicate Nominative

26. Student Practice The dog keeps barking at the neighbor.
Michael decided to stop before turning left.
Uncle Mark’s specialty is barbecuing on the grill.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speaking helped the Civil Rights movement.

27. Practice The dog keeps barking at the neighbor. The subject is DOG.
The verb is KEEPS.
Dog keeps doing what? BARKING.
In this case, the GERUND is a DIRECT OBJECT.

28. Practice Michael decided to stop before turning left.
The subject is MICHAEL.
The verb is DECIDED.
BEFORE is the preposition and TURNING is the object of the preposition.
The GERUND is the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.

29. Practice Uncle Mark’s specialty is barbecuing on the grill.
SPECIALTY is the subject.
IS is the VERB.
BARBECUING is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE.
The GERUND is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE.

30. Practice
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s speaking helped the Civil Rights movement.
The subject is SPEAKING.
The verb is HELPED.
The form of a verb that ends in ING and acts as a NOUN is a GERUND.
The GERUND is also the SUBJECT.

31. Gerunds
Remember…GERUNDS are NOUNS.

32. Infinitives An infinitive is a form of a verb, but it is NOT a verb.
It is can be a
noun
adjective
adverb
It is ALWAYS “to” plus a verb.

33. Infinitives as Nouns Students need to learn the parts of speech.
The subject is STUDENTS.
The verb is NEED.
NEED what? To learn.
To learn is the DIRECT OBJECT.
The infinitive is a NOUN.

34. Infinitives as Adjectives
The attorney has the right to represent you.
The subject is ATTORNEY.
The verb is HAS.
To represent is an adjective explaining which type of “right”.
The INFINTIVE is an ADJECTIVE.

35. Infinitives as Adverbs
The ants have arrived to grab the leftovers from the picnic.
The subject is ANTS.
The verb is HAVE ARRIVED.
The infinitive is to grab—an adverb, explaining why they HAVE ARRIVED.
THE INFINITIVE is an ADVERB.

36. Student Practice
Practice: Locate the subject and verb in each sentence. Underline the infinitive and determine whether it is a noun, adverb or adjective.
She likes to skate but not to ski.
To install the ceiling fan took two hours.
The best time to visit Florida is December
The driver stopped at the hotel to rest.

37. Practice She likes to skate but not to ski. The subject is SHE.
The verb is LIKES.
To skate and to ski are direct objects of the verb LIKES.
The INFINITIVES are NOUNS.

38. Practice To install the ceiling fan took two hours.
The subject is TO INSTALL.
The verb is TOOK.
To install is the SUBJECT of the sentence.
The infinitive is a NOUN.

39. Practice The best time to visit Florida is December.
The subject is TIME.
The verb is IS.
To visit modifies the subject TIME.
The infinitive is an ADJECTIVE.

40. Practice The driver stopped at the hotel to rest.
The subject is DRIVER.
The verb is STOPPED.
To rest modifies the verb STOPPED.
The infinitive is an ADVERB.

41. Infinitives
Remember…INFINITIVES can be
NOUNS
ADJECTIVES
ADVERBS

42. More Practice… Identify each underlined word as a
PARTICIPLE
GERUND
INFINITIVE
Find the subject and verb FIRST!
Underline the subject once.
Underline the verb twice.

43. Student Practice
The thief arrested for the robbery shot at the security guard.
The flag waving in the wind is inspirational.
To give blood is a wonderful gift.
Tyler’s confusing message did nothing to help solve the mystery.
Godzilla made a game of smashing all of the red cars parked near the lake.

44. Check your answers… Subject=green Verb=Yellow
The thief arrested for the robbery shot at the security guard.
Participle
The flag waving in the wind is inspirational.
To give blood is a wonderful gift.
Infinitive (noun)
Tyler’s confusing message did nothing to help solve the mystery.
Godzilla made a game of smashing all of the red cars parked near the lake.
Gerund (prep. phrase)

45. Student Practice 1. The crowd grew quiet to hear the speaker.
2. Planning a large party is quite an undertaking.
3. The wrapped gift she gave me was beautiful.
4. To lift those weights takes a lot of effort.
5. Ethan avoided doing his homework

46. Check your answers… Subject=green Verb=Yellow
1. The crowd grew quiet to hear the speaker.
Infinitive (adverb)
2. Planning a large party is quite an undertaking.
Gerund (subject)
3. The professionally wrapped gift was beautiful.
Participle
4. To lift those weights takes a lot of effort.
Infinitive (noun)
5. Ethan avoided doing his homework.
Gerund (D.O.)

47. Student Practice
1. Samuel decided that missing the lecture every day was hurting his grade.
2. Delighted with the opportunity to learn, Christine took the internship in New York.
3. Brenda seemed surprised by the team’s decision to withdraw.
4. Completing the obstacle course is harder than it looks.

48. Check your answers… Subject=green Verb=Yellow
1. Samuel decided that missing the lecture every day was hurting his grade.
Gerund (subject)
2. Delighted with the opportunity to learn, Christine took the internship in New York.
Participle
3. Brenda seemed surprised by the team’s decision to withdraw.
4. Completing the obstacle course is harder than it looks.

49. Student Practice
1. Drew refused to accept the idea that his birthday cake was gone. 2. Emily’s whining was getting on our nerves. 3. The completed meal was so beautiful that we didn’t want to eat it. 4. The show offers everyone a chance to learn Spanish. 5. My favorite activity is skiing.

50. Check your answers… Subject=green Verb=Yellow
1. Drew refused to accept the idea that his birthday cake was gone.
Infinitive (noun)
2. Emily’s whining was getting on our nerves.
Gerund (subject)
3. The completed meal was so beautiful that we didn’t want to eat it.
Participle
4. The show offers everyone a chance to learn Spanish.
Infinitive (adjective)
5. My favorite activity is skiing.
Gerund (predicate nominative)

51. More Practice…Participles
Turn to page 514 in your Elements of Writing textbook.
Complete the following exercises:
Exercise 4, Page 514, #1-10
Exercise 5, Page 516, #1-10
Exercise 6, Page 516, #1-5

52. More Practice…Gerunds
Turn to page 518 in your Elements of Writing textbook.
Complete the following exercises:
Exercise 7, Page 519, #1-10
Exercise 8, Page 52o, #1-10
Exercise 9, Page 521, #1-5

53. More Practice…Infinitives
Turn to page 522 in your Elements of Writing textbook.
Complete the following exercises:
Exercise 11, Page 522, #1-10
Exercise 12, Page 524, #1-10
Exercise 13, Page 524, #1-5

54. THE END