1. Climate  Heat balance of the Earth Heat balance of the Earth  Distribution pattern of insolation ( 日射 )Distribution pattern of insolation  Interrelationship among the globalInterrelationship among the global distribution pattern of the climatic factors  Climatic regionsClimatic regions  Impacts of climate on human beingsImpacts of climate on human beings

2. Heat balance of the Earth Balance: Incoming radiation= outgoing radiation Heat transfer: Vertical + horizontal Energy: Surplus: 0° – 38° S / N Deficit: 38° – 90° S / N

3. Distribution pattern of insolation Pattern: Uneven Affecting factors 1. Long term: Altitude, Latitude, Winds, Land & sea, Ocean currents 2. Short term: Length of daytime, Seasons 3. Local: Aspect, Cloud cover, Urbanization, Surface properties See David Waugh: An integrated Approach

4. Interrelationship among the global distribution pattern of the climatic factors Global distribution pattern of the climatic factors: 1. Temperature 2. Air pressure 3. Wind 4. Precipitation Interrelationship

5. Climatic regions Reasons for climatic variations in areas of similar latitudes Case studies: 1. Low - latitude region: Tropical humid + Tropical arid 2. Middle / High - latitude region: Temperate maritime + Temperate continental

6. Impact of climate on human beings  Population distribution  Agriculture  Daily Life - Building - Health - Recreation - BusinessRecreation - Energy consumption - TransportTransport  Meterological hazards

7. Deletetions 1. Temperature: Factors, pattern … OK 2. Air Pressure: Factors, pattern … OK 3. Wind – Planetary: Trades, Westlies,... OK Secondary: Cyclone, trough, ridge, anticyclone, monsoon 4. Condensation- fog, frost, cloud, dew 5. Precipitation: Relief, convection, … OK 6. Humidity 7. Climate of Hong Kong: Spring … Winter

8. Interrelationship among climatic factors 0° 30°N/S 60°N/S 90°N/S Insolation H H++ L L - - Temperature H H++ L L - - Air Pressure L H L H Wind Trades Westerlies Polar Precipitation H L M L

9. Interrelationship among climatic factors: Summary: Insolation Temperature Pressure Wind Precipitation L<-- H -- L H H H OS H L H H H L H L Windchill L

10. Tropical humid– Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3°N Tropical arid - Mogadishu, Somalia, 2°N Mogadishu, Somalia: 400mm, 26-29 ℃ 2 dry seasons Summer: May-Oct Winter: Dec-Mar 2 transitional rain seasons Spring: Apr-May Autumn: Oct-Dec Reasons: ITCZ, Asian Monsoon, Off Shore winds, Low & high pressure, SW / NE Trades,

11. Temperate maritime- ?, Shandong Temperate continental- ?, Xinjiang Shandong: Yantai 38°N Jinan 37°N Qingdao 36°N Xinjiang: Urumqi 43°N Hotan 37°N

12. Daily Life - Transport Sea River Road Rail Air Temp Iceberg Frozen Slippery Distorted Lift Soften Ppt Fog Flood Fog Drown Snow Drought Snow Landslide Fog Wind Capsize Break-down Steadily Break-down Fuel

13. Daily Life - Recreation Hot Cold Temp Outdoor, Aquatic Indoor, skiing Ppt Dry Wet Fair, open concert Indoor games Cover stadium Wind Calm Windy Sport record Surfing, kite