1. Canine Reproduction ABDUL SAMIK DEPARTEMENT OF VETERINARY REPRODUCTION
FACULTY OF VETERINATY MEDICINE UNAIR

2. Endocrine Glands of the Dog

5. Bulbis glandis (dog only)
Bulbis glandis (dog only)
Responsible for the tie or coital lock
Penile spines (tom only)
Responsible for inducing ovulation
Dependent on testosterone production
Find penile spines picture

7. Dog reproduction Estrus length 7-13 days Ovulation type Spontaneous
Breeding days from
start of estrus
Gestation days
Litter size
Litters / year 2
Weaning weeks

8. Reproduction Estrus every 6-8 months Estrus lasts 21-22 days
Ovulation about 10th day
Pseudopregnancy common

9. Canine Estrous Cycle Stage Duration in days External signs Proestrus
4-14
(9 days)
Enlarged Vulva w/ bloody discharge, restlessness, no courtship w/ male
Estrus
4-21
(10 days)
Clear to pink vulva discharge, female turns hindquarters towards him, raises pelvic region, waves tail, male acceptance and courtship
Diestrus 60
Vulva shrinks, no discharge, non-acceptance of male, terminates with parturation
Anestrus
100 +
Inactive ovaries, no vulva discharge, low steroids

10. Ovarian Cycle is Divided into Four Stages
A. Pro-estrus
Physical turgid swelling of vulva and appearance of a bloody discharge.
Vaginal cytology will change with very early non-cornified epithelial
cells increasing towards end of proestrus. Behavior - bitch is restless
and secretes pheromones but is aggressively negative towards male
becoming more passive towards start of estrus
B. Estrus
Vulva swelling will soften and discharge will be slightly pink to straw-
colored. Some females will still have a bloody discharge in estrus
which is normal. Vaginal cytology will have a high concentration of
cornified epithelial cells with little debris. Behavior - bitch seeks male
turns hindquarters towards him, raises pelvic region, waves tail to one
side and finally stands for mating by male.

11. C. Metestrus D. Anestrus Pseudopregnancy
Loss of vulva swelling and no discharge. Vaginal cytology is no
cornified cells and high numbers of White Blood Cells. Behavior -
non-acceptance of male
D. Anestrus
Period of ovarian inactivity and no vaginal discharge
Will not return to heat again until at least 4 months
Pseudopregnancy
Extension of metestrus period in which progesterone concentrations
remain elevated. Female will have nest building behavior and enlarged
mammary glands.

14. Provides sexual posturing
Changes During Estrus of Bitch
Vulva Swollen and Enlarged
Bloody discharge
from vulva
Copulation
Aggressive
towards Male
Passive
Provides sexual posturing
to male for copulation
Proestrus Estrus
Indicates Day of
Peak in LH

15. Follicular Development

16. Ovulation:
Ova are released from the follicles approximately two to three days following initiation of LH surge.
Fertilization:
Ovulated ova are not ready for fertilization (must complete Meiosis I) and therefore are not fertilized until Day 4 to 7 following the LH surge.

17. LH Peak
The greatest number of ovulations occur 24 to 72 hours after the LH peak.
Breeding can be timed from the LH Peak to the fertile period 4 to 7 days later.
Plasma Progesterone (P4)
Plasma P4 concentrations rise prior to ovulation
- follicles will start luteinization before ovulation
Measurement of serum P4 can be used as a means to determine day of ovulation and breeding
- can be highly variable

18. Hormonal Patterns During Estrous Cycle
of Bitch
Fertile Period
Ovulation
Fertilization
Estrogen
Completion
of Meiosis I
Arbitrary Plasma Concentrations
Progesterone LH
Days from LH Peak

19. Control of Estrus in the Bitch
A. Androgens
Mibolerone
Mode of Action:
Administration:
B. Progestins
Ovaban
(UpJohn) - Methytestosterone
Negative feedback on FSH and LH
Initiate 30 days prior to expected onset
Proestrus
(Schering) - Megestrol Acetate
- Negative feedback on FSH and LH
Depends upon stage of estrous cycle.
Lower dosage needed if given 7 days prior to proestrus.
A much larger dosage is needed to block ovulation if given
during proestrus.

20. Induction of Estrus
GnRH Administration:
Estrus induction can be used to treat bitches that fail
to cycle or have silent heats. Response of fertile estrus is
highly variable.
Anestrus is the result of low FSH and LH. GnRH can be
used to successfully induce estrus in the bitch. However,
it requires frequent (every 90 min) administration over
10 to 11 days. Specialized infusion pumps (mini-pumps)
can be utilized to deliver the pulses of GnRH
GnRH analogs can be used to induce fertile estrus in the
bitch without giving frequent injections.

22. Intromission by vigorous thrusting of the hindquarters.
Breeding
Intromission by vigorous thrusting of the hindquarters.
Swelling of bulbus glandis swells (6X4 cm) in the vagina
Vulva sphincter muscles contract around the penis forming
the copulatory “tie”.
First Stage of Coitus
The “Turn”
Second Stage of Coitus

23. Hormone Concentrations During Pregnancy and Parturition
Mating
Prolactin
Progesterone
Corticosteroids
Arbitrary Plasma Concentrations
Total Estrogens
Days of Pregnancy

24. Pregnancy Diagnosis
A. Abdominal Palpation
B. Radiography
C. Ultrasonography
Day 25-32
Day 42
Day 21

25. Signs of Impending Parturition
Behavior of bitch is one of nest building, restlessness and
seeking quiet, out of sight areas. Vulva becomes swollen,
edematous and may have some vaginal discharge.
Relaxation of pelvic and abdominal muscles is a consistent
sign of impending parturition. Presence of milk in mammary
gland is not an accurate sign.
Decrease in body temperature from 38 to 37oC just before
parturition.

26. Parturition First Stage of Labor
Averages 4 hours but can last 6-12 hours
Period in which the cervix dilates
Bitch will be uneasy, refuse food, pant, vomiting and
frequently looking at flank.
Second State of Labor
Visible straining of bitch in the sitting position
Placental membrane will break and there will be fluid discharge from vulva.
Membrane will rupture spontaneously or through licking of dam.
After the start of labor first fetus cannot be expected to survive more than 6 hours in the uterus.
Fetuses should be delivered within 2 hours of each other.
Usually interval between puppies is about 30 minutes.

27. Third Stage of Labor
Passage of fetal membranes should take 5 to 15 minutes.
Dystocia
Definition: Any problem with delaying normal birth of fetus.
Symptoms
Abnormal fetal presentation, position or posture
Strong and persistent labor for 20 minutes without
delivery of fetus.
Weak and infrequent contractions for 2 to 3 hours
More than 4 hours from delivery of last fetus (if not last one)
Most common problem is uterine inertia (weak contractions),
size of fetus and birth canal.

29. Contraception in Bitch
Surgical:
Physical: Intravaginal Device
Silastic and polyethylene tubing placed
in vestibule and vagine. 50% of bitches
can still tie and get pregnant.
Adding copper ring increases effectiveness
Hormonal:
Progestogens : Medroxyprogesterone - MAP
Megesterol Acetate – MGA
Androgens : Implants – Mibolerone
Immunological : Immunize against LH
Anti-ZP3 - anti-zona vaccine
Ovariectomy
Hysterectomy
Tubal Ligation

30. Contraception in Male Surgical : Chemical Agents : Immunization :
Castration - Correct behavior such as wandering
fighting, and urine marking
Vasectomy - Tie Vas Deferens
Chorhexidine - injected into epididymis
Immunize against LH