1. 13
Drug and Sex Crimes

2. History of Drug Abuse in the United States
1800s and early 1900s
Illegal drug use mainly associated with artistic individual sand fringe groups
Opium dens flourished in West coast cities, eventually moved across the country
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3. History of Drug Abuse in the United States
Late 1960s and early 1970s
Psychoactive substances accepted during the hippie movement
Timothy Leary – League of Spiritual Discovery

4. Extent of Drug Abuse
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) provides information on drug use of Americans ages 12+
NSDUH data suggests that drug use is substantially less of a problem than it was two decades ago
Growth of the American population gives the estimated decline even greater weight

5. Young People and Drugs
Monitoring the Future (MTF) study of drug use among junior high and high school students
The majority of high school seniors report marijuana as being accessible

6. Costs of Drug Abuse
ONDCP estimates Americans spend $63 billion/year to purchase illegal drugs
Costs
Direct criminal justice system costs
Indirect health care costs and lost productivity
Other social costs include AIDS traced to IV drug use

7. Types of Illegal Drugs
1970 Controlled Substances Act groups controlled substances into 5 schedules
Dangerous drugs
Broad categories or classes of controlled substances other than cocaine, opiates, and cannabis products

8. Drug Addiction Addiction
a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences
Stopping drug abuse is not just a matter of willpower

9. Drug Trafficking Drug trafficking
Manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting a controlled or counterfeit substance
Also includes sale of drugs
Most cocaine entering the US originates in South America
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10. Drug Trafficking Heroin Signature Program (HSP)
DEA program that identifies the geographic source of a heroin sample through the detection of specific chemical characteristics in the sample peculiar to the source area
The majority of heroin in the U.S. originates in South America
Other sources include Asia and Mexico

11. Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer Drugs
The process by which legitimately manufactured controlled substances are diverted for illicit use
Occurs through illegal prescribing by physicians, illegal dispensing by pharmacists
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12. Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer Drugs
New substances designed by slightly altering the chemical makeup of other illegal or tightly controlled drugs

13. Drugs and Crime Drug-defined crime Drug-related crime
a violation of the laws prohibiting or regulating the possession, use, or distribution of illegal drugs
Drug-related crime
a crime in which drugs contribute to the offense (excluding violations of drug laws)
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14. Drugs and Crime
Considerable support for the relationship between drug use and crime:
Drug users report greater involvement in crime and are more likely to have criminal records
People with criminal records are more likely to report being drug users
Crimes rise in number as drug use increases

15. Narcoterrorism Narcoterrorism
The distribution of a controlled substance in order to provide something of pecuniary value to a person or group that has engaged or is engaging in terrorist activity

16. Social Policy and Drug Abuse
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
1914 Harrison Act
Prohibition – 18th and 21st Amendments
1937 Marijuana Tax Act
1951 Boggs Act
1996 Drug-Induced Rape Prevention Act

17. Recent Legislation 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act
1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
Legalization of personal and medical use of marijuana

18. Drug-Control Strategies
Anti-drug legislation and strict enforcement
Interdiction
Crop control
Forfeiture
Antidrug education and drug treatment

19. Prostitution Prostitution
the act of engaging in sexual activity for money
Both prostitutes and “johns” can be charged with the offense of prostitution
Prostitution is a crime throughout the U.S. except for parts of Nevada

20. Morals Legislation
The question of whether and to what extent the criminal law should reflect and enforce morality is a classic debate
While most agree that actions that harm others should be controlled, not everyone sees sex work, especially when willingly undertaken, as harmful
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21. Morals Legislation
Should the law criminalize what are personal moral decisions that harm no one?

22. Figure 13-11 Types of Prostitutes

23. Clients of Prostitutes
General characteristics
Age ranged from years, median age 37
Majority had attended some college
Less likely to be married
Motives varied
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24. Clients of Prostitutes
About 20% demonstrated acceptance of 4+ rape myths
This group may be responsible for perpetrating violent acts against women for hire

25. Feminist Perspectives on Prostitution
Some feminist thinkers argue that prostitute exploits and demeans women, and subject them to the dangers of violence and disease
Others suggest selling sex need not be inherently exploitive and may be liberating
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26. Feminist Perspectives on Prostitution
Four claims characterizing extreme radical feminist theory
Prostitution involves male domination and exploitation of women
Violence is omnipresent in prostitution
Female prostitutes lack agency
Legalization or decriminalization would only make the situation worse
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27. Feminist Perspectives on Prostitution
Ronald Weitzer criticizes this view
Says these claims are counterproductive
Extreme feminists have contributed to a moral panic over prostitution by linking it to sex trafficking, especially of children
Says many claims of radical feminists are false

28. Legalization and Decriminalization of Prostitution
would allow women above a specified age to offer paid sexual services with few restrictions
Decriminalization
would reduce the penalties associated with prostitution but would regulate the practice and may attempt to curtail it