1. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION Sixth Edition by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 12 Motivation & Emotion Paul J. Wellman Texas A&M University

2. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Lecture Overview Issues in Motivation General Theories of Motivation Issues in Emotion General Theories of Emotion

3. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Motivation Motivation refers to factors in a person that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal –Factors include needs, desires, interests Motivation research topics include –Eating and drinking –Control of arousal –Achievement needs

4. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Hunger The body requires regular ingestion of nutrients to provide fuel for the brain and muscles –Lack of fuel quickly leads to hunger, which motivates the seeking and ingestion of food Internal hunger factors: –Cannon suggested that hunger is the pangs associated with stomach contractions But this view was later proven incorrect when removal of the stomach (cancer surgery) did not abolish hunger –Distension of the stomach reduces hunger –Blood borne signals include glucose, insulin, and leptin Leptin is a signal from fat cells that reduces eating

5. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Stomach Cues for Hunger? Problem: the balloon procedure may have been the cause of the stomach contractions noted in this study

6. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Brain Control of Hunger Eating is modulated by the hypothalamus –Undereating occurs after destruction of the lateral aspects of the hypothalamus –Overeating occurs after destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus

7. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E External Control of Eating Culture is a key factor in the control of eating –When we eat (dinner at 6 pm or 10 pm) –What we eat (red meat versus vegetarian) Group size: the amount we eat increases with the size of the dinner party External cues of food may produce greater internal impact (salivation, insulin secretion) in some people

8. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Eating Disorders Obesity in America is increasing even though our culture is obsessed with having lean bodies –Obesity has known adverse health consequences Stroke, cancer, heart disease, arthritis –College students rated themselves more likely to date a prostitute than to date an obese person (Vener and Krupka, 1985) Eating disorders include –Anorexia nervosa Self-induced starvation Loss of 15-25% of body weight Distorted body image (seen as fat even when lean) –Bulimia nervosa Binge eating followed by vomiting or laxative use

9. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Arousal Arousal refers to a general level of alertness and mental/physical activation Humans prefer to maintain a set level of arousal –Avoid over-arousal –Seek stimulation From D.O. Hebb’s Organization of Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, Copyright, 1949.

10. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Sensation-Seeking Zuckerman notes that some people seek extreme arousal, a trait termed sensation- seeking –Skiing off of a 5000 foot cliff with no parachute Four factors that contribute to sensation-seeking –Thrill seeking (driving fast) –Experience seeking (travel, drug experiences) –Disinhibition (letting loose) –Low tolerance for boredom

11. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Achievement Murray identified a need for achievement as a human motive Achievement motivation (nAch) is the need for success, the desire to excel, and the need to master challenging tasks Achievement motivation seems to be learned in childhood; nAch is related to having parents who encourage independence Achievement motivation varies across cultures

12. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Achievement Issues Characteristics of people who are high in nAch: –Prefer moderately difficult tasks –More attracted to careers and tasks that involve competition and an opportunity to excel –Prefer tasks that have a clear outcome –Are more likely to persist at difficult tasks –Achieve more than others

13. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E General Theories of Motivation Instinct refers to fixed behavioral patterns –Instincts are unlearned, are always expressed in the same way, and are universal within a species Drive Reduction: a biological need produces arousal that is aversive, satisfying the need is reinforcing Psychosocial theories point to incentives and cognitions

14. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Homeostasis

15. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Data based on Hierarchy of Needs in “A Theory of Human Motivation” in MOTIVATION AND PERSONALITY by Abraham H. Maslow. Copyright 1979 by Abraham H. Maslow. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.

16. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Emotions Emotions are stirred up states Components of emotion include –Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and expectations –Physiological: Internal physical changes related to arousal –Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional state

17. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Brain Control of Emotion Limbic system is involved in emotional states –Includes the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and cingulate cortex Frontal lobes modulate emotions (Phineas Gage)

18. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Theories of Emotion

19. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E James-Lange Emotion Theory James-Lange suggested that we infer our emotional states from our responses to emotional stimuli Cannon’s arguments against the theory: –Visceral response are slower than emotions –The same visceral responses are associated with many emotions –Transection of the spinal cord does not impair emotion Subsequent support for James-Lange theory: –Different emotions are associated with different patterns of visceral activity –Accidental transection of the spinal cord at a high level does greatly diminish emotional reactivity (prevents visceral signals from reaching brain)

20. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Arousal and Emotion

21. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Cognitive Influences on Emotion Schachter and Singer (1962): cognitive judgments are a critical part of emotional experience: –Subjects were aroused by an injection of adrenaline and then exposed to either anger or happiness cues –Subjects later reported emotional experiences that were in line with the emotional cues

22. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Emotional Expression Emotional states are communicated via –Facial expressions Certain emotional facial expressions are recognized across cultures –Body movements can signal emotional arousal (hair twisting, facial tics) –Tone of voice can signal emotion (paralanguage cues)

23. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Facial Emotion Expression There is an evolutionary link between the experience of emotion and facial expression of emotion: –Darwin argued that this served to inform others of our emotional state Different facial expressions are associated with different emotions –Ekman’s research demonstrated that similar facial expressions are recognized across different cultures –Blind and sighted children use the same emotional facial expressions Facial expression can alter emotional experience

24. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E Copyright Copyright 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.