1. Biogeochemical Cycles Section 22-2 Pages 420-423

2. essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical Cycles

3. Hydrological Cycle

4. Hydrological Cycle Hydrological Cycle (water cycle) 1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land 2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water 3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes

5. Hydrological Cycle 1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land. 2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water. 3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes.

6. Carbon Cycle

7. Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle (carbon is required for building organic compounds) 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as CO 2 ), fossil fuels (oil, coal), durable organic materials (for example: cellulose). 2. Assimilation – plants use CO 2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants. 3. Release – plants and animals release CO 2 through respiration and decomposition; CO 2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.

9. Carbon Cycle 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as CO 2 ), fossil fuels (oil, coal), durable organic materials (for example: cellulose). 2. Assimilation – plants use CO 2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants. 3. Release – plants and animals release CO 2 through respiration and decomposition; CO 2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.

10. Nitrogen Cycle

11. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle (Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic acids) 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N 2 ); soil (as NH 4 + or ammonium, NH 3 or ammonia, N0 2 - or nitrite, N0 3 - or nitrate

12. 2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH 4 + or as N0 3 -, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. The stages in the assimilation of nitrogen are as follows: Nitrogen Fixation: N 2 to NH 4 + by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (prokaryotes in the soil and root nodules), N 2 to N0 3 - by lightning and UV radiation. Nitrification: NH 4 + to N0 2 - and N0 2 - to N0 3 - by various nitrifying bacteria. Nitrogen Cycle

13. 3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N0 3 - back to N 2 (denitrification); detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH 4 + (ammonification); animals excrete NH 4 + (or NH 3 ) urea, or uric acid. Nitrogen Cycle

14. 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N 2 ); soil (as NH 4 + or ammonium, NH 3 or ammonia, N0 2 - or nitrite, N0 3 - or nitrate 2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH 4 + or as N0 3 -, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. 3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N0 3 - back to N 2 ; detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH 4 + ; animals excrete NH 4 +, urea, or uric acid.

15. Phosphorus Cycle

16. Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus Cycle (Phosphorus is required for the manufacture of ATP and all nucleic acids) 1. Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes 2. Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO 4 3- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals 3. Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

17. Phosphorus Cycle 1.Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes 2.Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO 4 3- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals 3.Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

18. Biogeochemical cycles of other minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, are similar to the phosphorus cycle.