1. NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM SHALLOW GROUNDWATER

2. NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM SHALLOW GROUNDWATER LITTLE BOGUE, ELLIOTT, MS. CONSTRUCTED NOVEMBER 2009

3. Research Monitoring & Analysis Hydrolab used to measure DO, ORP, temp, conductivity, turbidity & pH Lab measurement of ortho-P, NO 3 -N, TOC, alkalinity and NH 3 -N

4. Colorado State Field Lab Nitrogen Removal Results

5. Colorado State Field Lab Phosphorus Removal Results

6. LITTLE BOGUE, ELLIOTT, MS. FULL-SIZED TEST SITE –CONSTRUCTED FALL 2008 Drawings by Dave Derrick

7. Aerial view with approximate research project trench location in yellow & control section (trench not dug) in pink. PRE-PROJECT - RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE FROM RED HEN VIDEO

8. RS2 Test Site: Little Bogue, Elliott, MS On the narrow mid-bank bench (average width 8- 10 ft, approx. 8 ft above the streamside floodplain bench), a trench a bucket wide (1.0 ft) was dug to a depth of 4 ft. This should intercept a large amount of shallow groundwater.

9. RS2 Test Site: Little Bogue, Elliott, MS There is a 75 ft long control section (nothing done, no trench, just monitoring instruments), and a 150 ft long test trench section. Within the downstream 75 ft of the test trench, three 25 ft-long test plots of adventitious rooting poles of Black Willow, Sycamore, & River Birch were placed, spacing varied from 1 to 2 ft.

10. RS2 Test Site: Little Bogue, Elliott, MS For the test section shovels were used to backfill the trench with a mix of 20% (by volume) Aluminum Sulfate, xx% mulch, and the remainder native soil from the trench. This effectively planted the live poles to a depth of 4 ft.

11. RS2 Test Site: Little Bogue, Elliott, MS Monitoring instruments determine performance of the control and planted & not planted test sections. Instruments at different depths will determine if some groundwater is bypassing the test trench.

12. RS2 Test Site: Little Bogue, Elliott, MS According to the CSU laboratory tests, the Aluminum Sulfide and carbon (mulch) should greatly reduce the Nitrogen & Phosphorus load to the stream.

13. Install instrumentation as required. Monitor for long-term project performance. 200 ft RS2 Test Site: Little Bogue, Elliott, MS - aerial view

14. Looking US @ entrance conditions into project bend. Note floodplain bench & mid-bank bench where the test will occur. PRE-PROJECT - RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE PIX BY DAVE DERRICK 4-2-08

15. Looking US @ the mid-bank bench where the test will be conducted. Control area in pink, test trench location in black. PRE-PROJECT - RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE PIX BY DAVE DERRICK 4-2-08

16. LET’S DO SOME RESEARCH !!

17. 1ft 4ft Design concept of Reactive Stream Stabilization (RS2) on Little Bogue From Drs. Dave Biedenharn & Chester Watson

18. Two bags of Aluminum Sulfate for each bag of Eucalyptus mulch CONSTRUCTION-RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE PIX BY DAVE DERRICK 11-19-08

19. Hand labor is used to mix Aluminum Sulfate & mulch into backfill. Next time an excavator will be used to mix and backfill, we are learning!! No plantings in this first 75 ft. CONSTRUCTION-RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE PIX BY DAVE DERRICK 11-19-08

20. Trench was dug to a consistent depth of 4 ft for entire length CONSTRUCTION-RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE PIX BY DAVE DERRICK 11-19-08 John McCullah says, “Dig a hole, plant a pole!!”

21. Looking US @ seeded & mulched trench, berm, & plantings. CONSTRUCTION-RS2 PROJECT-LITTLE BOGUE PIX BY DAVE DERRICK 11-19-08

22. Water & soil samples taken in May and July 2009. Monitoring wells installed January 2009. From Drs. Dave Biedenharn & Chester Watson

23. 7 MONTHS AFTER PROJECT COMPLETION TAKING SOIL SAMPLES Photos by Derrick JULY 3, 2009

24. Looking US @ the test site. Excellent planted grass coverage. All planted poles died except for a few willows!!! 7 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 7-3-2009

25. Close-up of one of the willows that lived. 7 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 7-3-2009

26. Looking downhill at one of the monitoring wells. 7 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 7-3-2009

27. Ground water & soil sampling protocol from Dr. Ken Carlson, Colorado State University.

28. Tools used to take a soil sample 16 inches below the surface. 7 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 7-3-2009

29. Very dry for the top 7 inches or so in each of the 15 soil sample holes 7 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 7-3-2009

30. Soil Sample Results Total phosphorus reduced by about 44% through RS2. Increased by Total phosphorus reduced by about 44% through RS2. Increased by about 58% through control section. The bio-available phosphorus was decreased by about 55% through RS2, and by about 20% through control section From Drs. Dave Biedenharn & Chester Watson

31. Well Sample Results Total nitrogen (TN) reduced by 40% Nitrate (NO3 - ) reduced by 51% Aqueous phase Total Phosphorus (TP) reduced by 31% Aqueous phase Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus (DRP) reduced by 14% Total Organic Carbon increased by 590% (most likely due to mulch amendment to barrier) From Drs. Dave Biedenharn & Chester Watson

32. 17 MONTHS AFTER PROJECT COMPLETION Photos by Derrick April 5, 2010

33. Looking US. Nature has taken over the test site 17 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 4-5-2010

34. Several planted willows were growing thriving. Most of the other plants probably died due to the poisonous to plants natural chemical found in the eucalyptus bark mulch that was used. 17 MONTHS AFTER TRENCHING-LITTLE BOGUE PIX DERRICK 4-5-2010

35. Summary The initial results from the Little Bogue Reactive Stream Stabilization project are very encouraging. The design objectives of installing a reactive barrier with significantly elevated concentrations of aluminum for P adsorption and bio-available organic matter for enhanced nitrogen removal appear to have been achieved. Based on sampling data from 5 and 7 months after construction, the RS2 structure appears to be removing significant amounts of N and P from agricultural runoff that would normally enter the creek. From Drs. Dave Biedenharn & Chester Watson

36. Man’s best friend, Cleophus Speed Elvis Derrick