1. 1. Review- By what two processes is water cycled from land to the atmosphere Sequence- Describe one way in which water from Lake Superior may make one complete cycle through the atmosphere and make it back to Lake Superior 2. Review- Why do living organisms need nutrients Predict- Based on your knowledge of the carbon cycle, what do you think might happen if humans were to continue to clear and burn vast areas of forests for building 3. Explanation- Describe how oxygen moves through the biosphere as part of the carbon cycle. Include a description of the various forms that oxygen takes.

2. Ch 3 The Biosphere
3.4 Cycles if Matter

3. Biogeochemical Cycles
Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed loops
Powered by the flow of energy.

4. Biogeochemical Cycles
Involve biological processes, geological processes, and chemical processes
Matter moves through these cycles, it is never created or destroyed.

5. Biogeochemical Cycles
Biological Processes
All activities performed by living organisms
Eating, breathing, “burning” food, and eliminating waste products.

6. Biogeochemical Cycles
Geological Processes
Include volcanic eruptions, the formation and breakdown of rock, and major movements of matter within and below the surface of the earth.

7. Biogeochemical Cycles
Chemical and Physical Processes
Include the formation of clouds and precipitation, the flow of running water, and the action of lightning.

8. Biogeochemical Cycles
Human Activity
Include the mining and burning of fossil fuels, the clearing of land for building and farming, the burning of forests, and the manufacture and use of fertilizers.

9. The Water Cycle
Enters atmosphere due to evaporation or transpiration in plants
In atmosphere, water vapor condenses to form clouds and if they become large enough will fall as precipitation.

10. The Water Cycle
Precipitation can become ground water if it absorbed into the soil or flow along the surface until it enters a stream or lake
Ground water can enter plant’s roots, flow into streams or lakes, or can become an underground reservoir.

11. Nutrient Cycles
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorous.

12. Carbon Cycle
Plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis and use the carbon to build carbohydrates
Carbohydrates then pass through food webs to consumers.

13. Carbon Cycle
Organisms release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide gas by respiration
When organisms die, decomposers break down the bodies, releasing carbon to the environment.

14. Carbon Cycle
Geologic forces can turn accumulated carbon into carbon-containing rocks or fossil fuels
CO2 is released into the atmosphere by volcanic activity or by human activities.

15. The Nitrogen Cycle
Need nitrogen to make amino acids (proteins) and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78 percent of Earth’s atmosphere.

17. The Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3), and nitrite ions (NO2) are found in soil, in the wastes produced by many organisms, and in dead and decaying organic matter.

18. Nitrogen Cycle
Dissolved nitrogen exists in several forms in the ocean and other large water bodies.

19. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation
Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia.

20. Nitrogen Cycle
Other bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites that producers can use
Consumers eat the producers and reuse nitrogen to make what they need
Decomposers release nitrogen from waste and dead organisms as ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites.

21. Nitrogen Cycle Denitrification
Bacteria obtain energy by converting nitrates into nitrogen gas, which is released into the atmosphere.

22. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen gas is converted to usable forms by lightning.

23. Nitrogen Cycle Humans make and use fertilizers
Excess fertilizer is often carried into surface water or groundwater.

24. The Phosphorus Cycle Used in DNA & RNA and other molecules
Very important but not abundant
Land- Inorganic phosphate as rocks and soil minerals
Ocean- Dissolved phosphate and sediments.

25. The Phosphorus Cycle
Rocks and sediments wear down, phosphate is released
May stay on land and cycle between organisms and soil.

26. The Phosphorus Cycle
Plants bind phosphate into organic compounds from soil and water
Organic phosphate moves through the food web, from producers to consumers.

27. The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphate my dissolve in water and flow through rivers to oceans and be incorporated into marine organisms.

28. Limiting Nutrient Primary Productivity
Nutrient whose supply limits productivity
Primary Productivity
Rate at which primary producers create organic material.

29. Nutrient Limitation in Soil
Fertilizers contain large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Plants acquire carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Micronutrients such
as calcium, magnesium,
sulfur, iron, and manganese
are necessary in relatively
small amounts.

30. Nutrient Limitation in Water
Saltwater
Nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient
Freshwater
Phosphorus is typically the limiting nutrient.

31. Nutrient Limitation in Water
Aquatic ecosystem can receive a large input of a limiting nutrient
Runoff from heavily fertilized fields.

32. Nutrient Limitation in Water
Can result in “Algae blooms”
May not be enough consumers
May disrupt the ecosystem.