1. ADDED SUGAR FRIEND OR FOE? Jim Painter PhD, RD, Eastern Illinois University Professor Kelly Apfel BS, Graduate Assistant

2. ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS HEREDITY Determines range of health Clean Air & Water Exercise Peace of Mind Spiritual Contentment Polluted Air & Water Sedentary lifestyle Psychological “Stress” Pride, fear, Anxiety Secondary Elements: Health Supporting Diet RICH FOOD Primary Element: Health vs Disease

3. Dietary Guidelines Consequences of Consumption Sugar as a Friend Sugar as a Foe High Fructose Corn Syrup Added Sugar Friend or Foe

4. “ALTHOUGH A UL IS NOT SET FOR SUGARS, A MAXIMAL INTAKE LEVEL OF 25 PERCENT OR LESS OF ENERGY FROM ADDED SUGARS IS SUGGESTED BASED ON THE DECREASED INTAKE OF SOME MICRONUTRIENTS OF AMERICAN SUBPOPULATIONS EXCEEDING THE LEVEL.” Dietary Guidelines Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Food and Nutrition Board (2005). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, D.C. : The National Academies Press.

5. Dietary Guidelines Consequences of Consumption Sugar as a Friend Sugar as a Foe High Fructose Corn Syrup Added Sugar Friend or Foe

6. Reduction in Nutrients as Added Sugar Increases Marriott, B. P., Olsho, L., Hadden, L., & Connor, P. (2010). Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the united states, national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) 2003-2006.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,50, 228-258.

7. Reduction in Nutrients as Added Sugar Increases Marriott, B. P., Olsho, L., Hadden, L., & Connor, P. (2010). Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the united states, national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) 2003-2006.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,50, 228-258.

8. Reduction in Nutrients as Added Sugar Increases Marriott, B. P., Olsho, L., Hadden, L., & Connor, P. (2010). Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the united states, national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) 2003- 2006.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,50, 228-258.

9. Effect of Caloric Restriction Conducted on male mice Divided into 4 groups  Ad libitum, 85 kcal/wk, 50 kcal/wk, 40 kcal/wk Initiated at 1 month of age  Body weight and life span Weindruch, Sohal, 1997

10. Survival % 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 mo10 mo20 mo30 mo40 mo50 mo60 mo Ad libitum 85 kcal/wk 50 kcal/wk 40 kcal/wk Weindruch, Sohal, 1997

11. Retardation Growth Hypothesis Four groups of male F344 rats  Fed ad libitum throughout life  CR initiated at 6 weeks of life  CR initiated 6-26 weeks of life  CR initiated from 26 weeks of life Findings  When CR limited to rapid growth period, it did not substantially change the age of the 10 th percentile survivors  CR initiated after rapid growth was almost as effective in increasing the age of the 10 th percentile survivors as CR initiated at 6 weeks of age Masoro, 2005

12. Yu et al., 1985 Age of Initiation and Time Period of CR and Longevity in Rats 0 1000 2000 Median Survival 10 th Percentile Survival CR (None) From 6 weeks 6-26 weeks From 26 weeks Days Masoro, 2005

13. Dietary Guidelines Consequences of Consumption Sugar as a Friend Sugar as a Foe High Fructose Corn Syrup Added Sugar Friend or Foe

15. Vegetable% RDA in 1 NLEA Serving Tomato (148 g)Vitamin A: 25% Vitamin K: 14% Vitamin C: 31% Carrot (85 g)Fiber: 10% Vitamin K: 10% Vitamin A: 234% Broccoli (148 g)Fiber: 15% Vitamin A: 18% Vitamin K: 158% Vitamin C: 220% Riboflavin: 10% B6: 13% Folate: 23% Phosphorus: 10% Manganese: 16% Potassium: 10%

16. Vegetable% RDA in 1 NLEA Serving Potato (Baked with skin, 148 g)Fiber: 13% Vitamin C: 24% Niacin: 10% B6: 23% Folate: 10% Manganese: 16% Phosphorus: 10% Magnesium: 16% Potassium: 17% Romaine Lettuce (85g)Vitamin A: 99% Vitamin K: 107% Vitamin C: 33% Foltae: 29%

17. Fruit% RDA in 1 NLEA Serving Apple (154g)Fiber: 15% Vitamin C:12% Banana (126 g)Fiber: 13% Vitamin C: 18% B6: 23% Manganese: 17% Potassium: 10% Orange (1- Medium)Fiber: 14% Vitamin C: 105%

18. Fruit% RDA in 1 NLEA Serving Pear (166 g)Fiber: 21% Vitamin C: 12% Strawberry (147 g)Fiber: 12% Vitamin: 143% Manganese: 28%

19. Meat% RDA Beef (3 oz, 95% lean, ground, crumbles, pan cooked) Protein: 50% Riboflavin: 10% Niacin: 31% B6: 18% B12: 37% Iron: 15% Phosphorus: 23% Zinc: 40% Selenium: 26%

20. Meat% RDA Chicken (4 oz, Breast, Baked, or Broiled) Protein: 70% Niacin: 38% B6: 34% Phosphorus: 26% Selenium: 45% Pork (1 chop, 150g, lean only, bone in, broiled) Protein: 38% Thiamin: 46% Riboflavin: 15% Niacin: 16% B6: 20% Phosphorus: 17% Zinc: 12% Selenium: 51%

23. Sugar in Yogurt

24. 1

26. Dietary Guidelines Consequences of Consumption Sugar as a Friend Sugar as a Foe High Fructose Corn Syrup Added Sugar Friend or Foe

40. Grape Juice vs Grape Juice Drink Nutrient Comparison USDA Database

46. Orange Juice vs Orange Juice Drink Nutrient Comparison USDA Database

49. Gone Bananas (100g) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Banana Banana Chips USDA Database

50. Air Crisped Banana Chips

52. % RDA Comparison Cranberries and Dried Cranberries

53. % RDA Comparison Raisins and Dried Cranberries

54. SOMETIMES PRUNES, RAISINS AND FIGS RANK THE HIGHEST. DRIED CRANBERRIES ALWAYS COME OUT LAST BECAUSE THEY ARE A HIGHLY PROCESSED FOOD. Nutrient comparison between dried fruits

55. Calcium

56. Iron

57. Phosphorus

58. Vitamin C

59. Potassium

60. Added Sugar (g)

64. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 RaisinsDried Cranberries Nuval Comparison

65. Guiding Star Comparison RaisinsDried Cranberries

66. Sugar: When does it change from a friend to a foe?

67. Sugar in Cereal Cheereos- 3g sugar/ 100 kcals (12%) Multi-grain Cheereos- 6g sugar/110 kcals (22%) Honey Nut Cheereos- 9g sugar/110 kcals (33%) Froot Loops- 13g sugar/120 kcals (43%) Apple Jacks-15g sugar/120 kcals (50%)

69. Dietary Guidelines Consequences of Consumption Sugar as a Friend Sugar as a Foe High Fructose Corn Syrup Added Sugar Friend or Foe

70. High-Fructose Corn Syrup: Harmless Sweetener or Liquid Death?

71. US Sweetener Consumption 1970-2005 Wells & Buzby 2008

72. HFCS causes obesity Arguments for:  Increase in HFCS consumption corresponds to increase in obesity in US  Only data to support HFCS’s unique role in obesity  Fructose does not elicit insulin response, causing increased consumption  HFCS contains both fructose and glucose  Increased soft drink consumption  HFCS main sweetener in soft drinks

73. = HFCS = Obesity Bray et al. 2004

74. HFCS causes obesity Arguments against:  White article  Obesity is multifactoral  HFCS not significantly different from sucrose  HFCS consumption is low in other countries with obesity  HFCS has leveled off, but obesity has increased  Ecological study

75. SugarHoneyHFCS How sweet is it? Sugar is the benchmark Honey is as sweet as sugar There are two types: HFCS-55 as sweet as sugar; HFCS-42 about 92% as sweet How many calories per gram? 4/gram What's in it? 50% fructose 50% glucose 48% fructose 52% glucose HFCS-55: 55% fructose 45% glucose HFCS-42: 42% fructose 58% glucose Comparison of HFCS, sucrose, and honey Corn Refiners Association 2009

76. = HFCS = Obesity Bray et al. 2004

77. Obesity conclusion HFCS does not play a unique role in the obesity epidemic in the US

78. Dietary Guidelines Consequences of Consumption Sugar as a Friend Sugar as a Foe High Fructose Corn Syrup Added Sugar Friend or Foe