1. The Organization of Life
Chapter 4
The Organization of Life

3. 4.1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Ecosystem—all of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment
Oak Forest
Coral Reef
Vacant Lot
Lake Erie
Corn Field

4. Components of an Ecosystem
Organism—a single living thing
Species—a group of organisms that are closely related and can interbreed
Population—all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time
Community—a group of various populations that live in the same area and interact with each other

5. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Living and once living parts of the ecosystem
Dead organisms
Dead parts of organisms
Organisms’ waste products
Abiotic
Non-living parts of the ecosystem
Air
Water
Rocks
Sand
Light
temperature

7. Identify: Organism, Population, Community

8. Habitat—the place an organism lives
Habitats have specific characteristics
Organisms are well suited to their habitat
Many animals and plants cannot survive very long away from their habitat
One minor change in the habitat can disrupt the entire ecosystem

9. Everything is Connected!
Disruptions at any level can devastate an ecosystem and cause unwanted change
Factors that can affect ecosystems:
Pollution
Habitat destruction
Introduction of non-native species
Over-hunting
Disease
CLIMATE CHANGE (add to your notes!)

11. Natural/Artificial Selection Biological Resistance Adaptation
4.2 Evolution
Natural/Artificial Selection
Biological Resistance
Adaptation

12. Evolution
A change in genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the next

13. Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:
Variation exists among individuals in a species.
Individuals of species will compete for resources (food and space).
Some competition would lead to the death of some individuals while others would survive.
Individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Each generation contains more organisms with advantageous traits.
Favorable variations are called Adaptations

14. Variation exists among individuals in a species.
Darwin’s finches

15. Individuals of species will compete for resources (food and space).

16. Some competition would lead to the death of some individuals while others would survive.

17. Individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Albino tiger

18. Organisms produce more offspring than will survive
Organisms produce more offspring than will survive. Each generation contains more organisms with favorable traits.
Sea turtle hatchlings
Sea turtle eggs

20. Adaptation—inherited trait that increases chances of survival
Peppered Moths

21. Camouflage and Mimicry—ways animals adapt to their environment

22. Coevolution
Organisms evolve adaptations to other organisms and their physical environment
The process of two species evolving in response to one another is called coevolution
Hawaiian honeycreeper and the lobelia flower

23. Artificial Selection Selective breeding of organisms by humans
Humans control how some organisms evolve
Humans select for certain traits and breed the organisms
EX. Dogs, cats, livestock, fruits, vegetables, crops
Heirloom tomatoes

24. Artificial Selection
Traits in dogs were selected from wolves according to the job needed to be performed for humans

26. Resistance
the ability of an organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it

27. Pesticide Resistance
A farmer sprayed his field with pesticides containing chemicals designed to kill insects

28. Pesticide Resistance Most insects die
Some insects had favorable traits that allowed them to survive
The left-over insects were able to reproduce

29. Pesticide Resistance
More offspring inherited the advantage of chemical resistance
The farmer sprayed his field again with the same chemical

30. Pesticide Resistance
The pesticide was only effective in killing the few who still did NOT have resistance
New, chemically resistant insects are now a problem

31. Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics
New antibiotics will need to be developed
This takes time
Will new antibiotics be ready if we have an outbreak?

33. 4.3 The Diversity of Living Things
Six Kingdoms

36. Bacteria Characteristics: Microscopic Single-celled
Reproduce by dividing in half
Most have cell walls
Have no nucleus

37. Bacteria Divided into two kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Found in harsh environments
Mathanogens—live in swamps, produce methane
Extreme Thermophiles—live in hot springs
Eubacteria
Incredibly common
Causes disease
Found in soil
Proteobacteria—common is soils and animal intestines
Cyanobacteria—called blue-green algae

38. Bacteria & Environment
Break down remains and wastes of organisms
Return nutrients to soil
Recycle nitrogen and phosphorus
Allow organisms to obtain nutrients from food
E. coli—lives in human intestines and helps break down food and releases vitamins

41. Fungi Absorb food through body surfaces Have cell walls
Most live on land
Some cause disease
Break down bodies and body parts of dead organisms
Examples;
Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, mildews, rusts

43. Protists Most single-celled Some multi-cellular Most live in water
Cause disease
Food for many organisms
Examples;
Algae, plankton, diatoms, amoebas, seaweed, plasmodium (causes malaria)

45. Plants Multicelluar Make their own food through photosynthesis
Have cell walls
Most live on land
Two main groups:
Gymnosperms
Pine trees and evergreens
Angiosperms
The flowering plants

46. Gymnosperms

47. Angiosperms

48. Animals Multicellular No cell wall Ingest their food
Live on land and water
Two main subclasses:
Invertebrates
No backbones
Vertebrates
Have backbones

49. Invertebrates
Insects
Sponges
Worms
Corals

50. Vertebrates
Fish
Reptiles
Birds
mammals