1. Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross Cultural Interaction

2. I. Long Distance Trade and Travel

3. PATTERNS OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE
Trading Cities
Marco Polo
Trade went 2 ways: Luxury goods of high value
relative to weight (stones, silk) went through Silk
Roads. Bulkier commodities (steel, stone) by sea lanes.
Venetian,
Traveled for the Mongols, well liked
Diplomatic missions
Influenced European readers because
the mention of goods in his travels.
European merchants wanted to take part
Trading ports and cities grew rapidly .
Melaka known as the principal trading
route in the Easter Indian Ocean

4. Mongol-Christian Diplomacy &
Political and Diplomatic Travel
Ibn Battuta
Mongol-Christian Diplomacy &
Rabban Sauma
Both Mongols and Christians attacked
the Muslims.
Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert
and join
Decline invite Christians to do the same, they use
Rabban Sauma to help them, unsuccessful
DIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS ARE COMPLEX IN THE EAST
Muslim traveler
Well liked where he went
Educated in legal matters and made
it able for him to find gov’t positions where
he went
Guided newly converted areas of Islam

5. Christian Missionaries
Missionary Campaigns
Sufi Missionaries
Christian Missionaries
John of Montecorvino
In the East many Christians
attempted to convert.
Sought to convert Mongols
and Chinese
Expatriate communities
from Europe created a demand
for Roman Catholic Services
Helped to spread Islam
Did not force strict doctrine
Emphasized piety & devotion
Being flexible led to less
resistance
Italian Franciscan missionary
Active in China
Tried to est. Christianity in China
Attracted few
Geography hurt Roman
Catholic conversion so did
other already established religions

6. Long Distance Travel and Cross Cultural Exchanges
Muslims
Gunpowder
Technologies
Long distance travel of all kinds
encouraged exchanges of all
Societies
Exchanges include but not
limited to: science, agriculture,
technology, poetry etc.
ALL THIS PROMOTED CULTURAL
DIFFUSION
Muslims introduced
citrus fruits in sub-
Saharan Africa
Cotton in W. Africa
Diffused sugarcane
to SW Asia, N Africa and
Europe
Sugarcane would help
lead to slave labor &
plantations
Mongols helped
spread gunpowder
from east to west

7. II. CRISIS AND RECOVERY

8. Social & Economic Effects
Bubonic Plague
Little Ice Age
Origins and Spread of
Bubonic Plague
Social & Economic Effects
Originated and spread
from China (Yunnan)
1300s Mongols/merchants
spread the disease west
Areas that DID NOT see the
plague: Northernmost parts of
Europe, India, & sub-Saharan
africa
Disrupted societies &
economies in Europe, & N.
Africa
Urban workers wanted
higher wages
Political authorities froze
wages
Lords wanted reinstate
serfdom
1300 global climate change
Temperatures cooled
Agriculture declined

9. Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty
Hongwu & Ming
Centralization
Economic Recovery &
Cultural Revival
Eunuchs & Mandarins
Yuan dynasty falls,
Mongols leave
Hongwu emperor of Ming
Dynasty
Orphaned, moved through
military
Went back to traditional
Chinese models
Confucian school & civil
service exam
Enhanced authority
of central gov’t
Mandarins=officials
as emmisaries
Eunuchs=could not
build families or power
bases
Gave absolute
Obediance to policies
and initiatives of gov’t
Rebuilt irrigation systems
Lacquerware, silk, cotton
No trade w/other lands
Got rid of any signs of
Mongol rule

10. Recovery in Europe: State Building Taxes, Armies & Italian States
Spain & Russia
Taxes, Armies & Italian States
France & England
In Spain Ferdinand and
Isabel united wealthiest
Iberian realms
Reconquista in Spain
In Russia Ivan III ended
tribute to Mongols
Est. its own principality
and origin in Muscovy
Est. strong central gov’t
Regional states held
political authority
Western Europe grew
stronger societies and
monarchies
Major cities: Milan,
Florence & Venice
Hundred Years War
Fought over land
intermittently
Levied taxes and assembled
armies
Central gov’t overpowered
nobility

11. Recovery in Europe: The Renaissance Humanist and Moral Thought
Renaissance Art &
Architecture
Humanist and Moral Thought s
Inspiration from
Classical Greece and
Rome
Represented human
form and emotion
Architecture domed
buildings
Humanists interested
in humanities: history,
literature, philosophy
Inspired by classical
Greece and Rome
Morally virtuous life
could be led in a actively
urban world

12. III. Exploration and Colonization III. Exploration and Colonization

13. Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin End of Voyages
Zheng He’s Expeditions
Chinese Naval Power
End of Voyages
Eunuch admiral led
many expeditions
Naval expeditions to
impose presence in Indian
Ocean
2 purposes: Impose
imperial control over foreign
trade w/ China and impress
people with power & might
of Ming Dynasty
Dispensed gifts and received
gifts
Zheng He tried diplomacy
to reach goals
If he had he would impose
Chinese might
7 expeditions succeeded in
establishing Chinese might in
the Indian Ocean Basin
1430s Ming emperors
end expeditions
Confucian ministers felt
expense could be better used
for agriculture
Treasure ships decommissioned
and Chinese would forget
how to create these large vessels
Showed political, economic
and military influence in Indian
Ocean Basin

14. European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Slave Trade &
Indian Ocean Trade
Portuguese Exploration
& Colonization of Atlantic
Christopher Columbus
First in Atlantic exploration
First to try to find new routes
to Asian markets through Indian
Ocean
Prince Henry the Navigator
wanted to spread Christianity &
increase Portuguese influence
in the seas
Portuguese colonize in the
Atlantic and along the West
African coast
Portuguese always had
traded guns/manufactured
items for slaves
As colonization increased
so did the volume of trade
in slaves
Often went to colonized
plantations
Other explorers sought
new routes to Asian silk & spices
Didn’t want to deal w/
intermediaries
Explorers: Bartolomeau Dias &
Vasco de Gama
Believed you can sail
West to reach Asian
markets
Ferdinand & Isabel
underwrite his campaign
1492 sets sail
Him and his crew land
in Bahamas , insisted he
reached land near Asia
(FALSE)
Showed there was a
different world apart from
Europe, Asia and Africa