1. Warm Up:
What do you think of when you hear “Mongolia” or “Mongolians”?

2. Read: Observations of Mongol Life

3. Using your textbooks answer the following questions:
Define nomadism.
Describe the religious beliefs of the Mongols.
Where were the Mongols able to conquer?
Why were the Mongols able to conquer such a vast territory?
Describe the effects of Mongol Rule in Eurasia.

4. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia
Nomadism and Political intergration
Nomadic groups depended on scarce water and pasture resources
- in times of scarcity, conflicts occurred
- resulting in the extermination of smaller groups and in the formation of alliances and out-migration.

5. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
Social Organization
Mongol groups were strongly hierarchical organizations
headed by a single leader or khan,
khans had to ask that their decisions be ratified by a council of the leaders of powerful families.
Powerful Mongol groups demanded and received tribute in goods and in slaves from those less powerful.
- Some groups were able to live almost entirely on tribute.

6. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
Marriage & Women
Mongol groups formed complex federations that were often tied together by marriage alliances.
Women from prestigious families often played an important role in negotiating these alliances.
Wives and mothers of rulers traditionally managed state affairs between the death of a ruler and the selection of a successor,
- often working to secure a relative to the position.

7. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
4. Nomadism & Religion
The seasonal movements of the Mongol tribes brought them into contact with many religions
Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.
The Mongols accepted religious pluralism
Mongol khans were thought to represent the Sky God, who transcended all cultures and religions;
khans were thus conceived of as universal rulers who both transcended and used the various religions of their subjects.

8. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
B. The Mongol Conquests
Genghis Khan
under the leadership of Genghis Khan the Mongols conquered all of North China and were threatening the Southern Song.
the Mongol realms were united, all recognized the authority of the Great Khan in Mongolia.

9. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
declared himself Great Khan in 1265,
the other Mongol khans refused to accept him
Khubilai founded the Yuan Empire, with its capital at Beijing in 1271;
in 1279, he conquered the Southern Song.
After 1279, the Yuan attempted to extend its control to Southeast Asia.
Annam and Champa were forced to pay tribute to the Yuan
an expedition to Java ended in failure.

10. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
3. Mongol Conquests
that may have contributed to the Mongols’ ability to conquer such vast territories:
Technology & Tactics
- superior horsemanship
- better bows
technique of following a volley of arrows with a deadly cavalry charge.
Adaptability
new military techniques, adopt new military technology, and incorporate non-Mongol soldiers into their armies;
Reputation
slaughtering all those who would not surrender
ability to take advantage of rivalries among their enemies.

11. I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260
C. Overland Trade and the Plague
Trade
The Mongol conquests opened overland trade routes
brought about an unprecedented commercial integration of Eurasia.
Silk
Porcelain
The growth of long-distance trade under the Mongols led to significant transfer of military and scientific knowledge among Europe, the Middle East, China, Iran, and Japan.
- First passports
- Marco Polo
Diseases
the bubonic plague also spread over the trade routes of the Mongol Empire.
The plague spread from China, to Central Asia and from there to the Mediterranean world along trade routes.

12. What were some of the effects of Mongol conquest of Eurasia?
Warm Up:
What were some of the effects of Mongol conquest of Eurasia?

13. II. The Mongols & Islam A. Mongol Rivalry
1. Religious Tensions in Central Asia
In the 1260s the Il-khan Mongol Empire controlled parts of Armenia and all of Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran.
Relations between the Buddhist/shamanist Il-khan Mongols and their Muslim subjects were tense
the Mongols had murdered the last Abbasid caliph
Mongol religious beliefs and customs were contrary to those of Islam.

14. II. The Mongols & Islam 2. Inter-Mongolian Conflict
At the same time, Russia was under the domination of the Golden Horde
led by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu
who had converted to Islam
announced his intention to avenge the last caliph.
This led to the first conflict between Mongol domains.

15. II. The Mongols & Islam Results
European leaders attempted to make an alliance with the Il-khans to drive out Muslims
Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine,
the Il-khans sought European help in driving the Golden Horde out of the Caucasus.
These plans for an alliance never happened because the Il-khan ruler Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295.

16. II. The Mongols & Islam B. Islam and the State 1. Mongol Taxation
The goal of the Il-khan State was to collect as much tax revenue as possible, which it did through a tax farming system.
Short Term:
tax farming system was able to deliver large amounts of grain, cash and silk.
long term:
- over-taxation led to increases in the price of grain, a shrinking tax base, and, by 1295, a severe economic crisis.

17. II. The Mongols & Islam 2. Attempts at Reform
Attempts to end the economic crisis
tax reduction programs
introduction of paper money
failed to avert a depression that lasted until 1349.
Thus the Il-khan domains fragmented
- Mongol nobles fought each other for diminishing resources
- Mongols from the Golden Horde attacked and divided the Il-khan Empire.

18. II. The Mongols & Islam 3. Timur
As the Il-khan Empire and the Golden Horde declined
Timur, the last Central Asian conqueror, built the Jagadai Khanate in central and western Eurasia.
Timur’s descendants, the Timurids, ruled the Middle East for several generations

19. II. The Mongols & Islam C. Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia
Literature
the historian Juvaini wrote the first comprehensive account of the rise of the Mongols under Genghis Khan.
Juvaini’s work inspired the work of Rashid al-Din, who produced a history of the world that was published in a number of beautifully illustrated editions.
- Rashid al-Din, a Jew converted to Islam who served as adviser to the Il-khan ruler, was a good example of the cosmopolitanism of the Mongol world.
The Timurids also supported notable historians including the Moroccan Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406).

20. II. The Mongols & Islam 2. Science
Muslims under Mongol rulership also made great strides in astronomy, calendar-making, and the prediction of eclipses.
- Their innovations included the use of epicycles to explain the movement of the moon around the earth,
- the invention of more precise astronomical instruments,
- collection of astronomical data from all parts of the Islamic world and China for predicting eclipses with greater accuracy.

21. II. The Mongols & Islam 3. Math
Muslim scholars adapted the Indian numerical system,
devised the method for indicating decimal fractions,
calculated the value of pi more accurately than had been done in classical times.
Muslim advances in science, astronomy, and mathematics were passed along to Europe
- had a significant effect on the development of European science and mathematics.

22. Warm Up:
Describe advances that were made during Mongol rule.

23. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Russia and Rule from Afar
Mongol Rule in Russia
After the defeat of the Kievan Rus,
the Mongols of the Golden Horde made their capital at the mouth of the Volga,
- which was also the end of the overland caravan route from Central Asia.
the Mongols ruled Russia “from afar,”
- leaving the Orthodox Church in place
- and using the Russian princes as their agents.
the main goal of the Golden Horde was to extract as much tax revenue as possible from their subjects.

24. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Rise of Moscow
Prince Alexander of Novgorod had assisted the Mongols in their conquest of Russia,
As a result, the Mongols favored Novgorod and Moscow (ruled by Prince Alexander’s brother).
Mongol conquest led to devastation of the Ukrainian countryside
caused the Russian population to shift from Kiev toward Novgorod and Moscow,
Moscow emerged as the new center of the Russian civilization.

25. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Effects of Mongol Domination
Historians Debate:
Negative effect on Russia,
bringing economic depression and cultural isolation
The Kievan state was already declining when the Mongols came,
- over-taxation of Russians under Mongol rule was the work of the Russian princes,
- Russia was isolated by the Orthodox church,
- the structure of Russian government did not change drastically under Mongol rule.

26. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
End of Mongol Rule in Russia
Ivan III, the prince of Moscow, ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.

27. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia
Europe Divided
Europe was divided
the political forces of the papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II ( ).
As a result,
Eastern Europe—particularly Hungary and Poland—faced the Mongol attacks alone.

28. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Teutonic Knights
German speaking Christian order of knights
“Northern Crusade”
Goal was to Christianize the Slavic population of Northern Europe
Defeated by Mongols and Alexander Nevskii in 1242

29. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Mongol Conquest in Europe
The Mongol armies that attacked Europe were actually an international force
including Mongols, Turks, Chinese, Iranians, and Europeans
led by Mongol generals.
“Mongol” armies drove to the outskirts of Vienna, striking fear into the hearts of the Europeans
the Mongols withdrew in December 1241 so that the Mongol princes could return to Mongolia
- elect a successor to the recently deceased Great Khan Ogodei.

30. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Cultural Exchange
Despite widespread fear of Mongol invasions, Europeans did learn from their contact with the Mongols
- Diplomatic passports, coal mining, movable type, advanced metallurgy, mathematics, gunpowder, and canons

31. Mongol Invasions of Europe

32. Read: Journey to the Land of the Tartars
The Human Record, pages
How does William of Rubruck characterize the Mongol lifestyle?
Describe the Mongol diet. Analyze why the Mongols eat what and how they do?
How does William of Rubruck characterize the status of Mongol women?
Based on this evidence, do you think that Rubruck had a positive or negative attitude toward to Mongols? Be specific in supporting your conclusion.

33. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
Lithuania
Maintained independence by cooperating with Mongols
Period of political centralization and military strengthening
Dominated neighbors, Poland and the Teutonic Knights

34. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
The Balkans
Independent well organized Kingdoms arose in uncertainty of Mongol chaos and Byzantine collapse
Serbia
Archbishop became an independent patriarch
King Stephan Dushan ( ) crowned “Tsar of the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians”
Kingdom disappeared after defeat by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389

35. III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
7. The Ottoman Empire
Established a state in Anatolia
Took advantage of declining power of Mongols and the Byzantines
Captured Constantinople in 1453.

36. IV. Mongol Domination in China
The Yuan Empire ( )
Conquest ( )
Mongols conquered the Jin, Tanggut and Southern Song Dynasties
In 1271, Khublia Khan declared himself emperor of a unified China
- Yuan Dynasty

37. Read: Description of the World
The Human Record: Pages
Answer questions #1-4

38. Warm Up:
What impact did the Mongols have on trade along the Silk Road?

39. Collect HW

40. IV. Mongol Domination in China
Mongol adapt Chinese Practices
Kubilai Khan gave his oldest son a Chinese name
Confucian scholars participated in education of the Khan’s children
Buddhist and Daoist leaders invited to court

41. IV. Mongol Domination in China
Bejing
Yuan Dynasty capital city
Terminus (end) of silk Road
Created closed Imperial complex
- The “Forbidden City”
More Chinese than Mongolian

43. IV. Mongol Domination in China
Unification
Mongols unified China
- Had been divided among Tangutt, Jin and Southern Song Empires
Each had different languages, writing systems, forms of government and culture
The Mongols encouraged traditional Chinese government and culture
Permanent reunification of China

44. IV. Mongol Domination in China
5. Social Ranking
Legally defined based of race and function
1) Mongols
- Warriors
2) Central Asians and Middle Easterners
- Census takers and tax collectors
3) Northern Chinese
4) Southern Chinese

45. IV. Mongol Domination in China
6. Mongol Government
China divided into provinces
- Government officials centrally appointed
Tax farming
Use of Western Asian officials
Census
Tax collecting
Confucianism weakened
Status of merchants and doctors elevated

46. IV. Mongol Domination in China
7. Trade and communication
Horse based courier system maintained close communication within empire
Roads were policed and safe
China reconnected to the Silk Road
cities and ports prospered
trade recovered
merchants flourished

47. IV. Mongol Domination in China
8. Urban Life
flourishing mercantile economy led the Chinese gentry elite to move into the cities
where a lively urban culture of popular entertainment,
vernacular literature,
and the Mandarin dialect of Chinese developed

48. IV. Mongol Domination in China
9. Rural Life
cotton growing, spinning, and weaving were introduced to mainland China from Hainan Island
Mongols encouraged the construction of irrigation systems
farmers in the Yuan were overtaxed and brutalized while dams and dikes were neglected

49. What were some of the effects of Mongol rule on China?
Warm Up:
What were some of the effects of Mongol rule on China?

50. Quiz Chapter 12
Tuesday

51. IV. Mongol Domination in China
10. Effects of Mongol Rule
Yuan period China’s population declined by perhaps as much as 40 percent,
with northern China seeing the greatest loss of population,
while the Yangzi Valley actually saw a significant increase.
Possible reasons for this pattern include:
warfare, the flooding of the Yellow River, north-south migration, and the spread of diseases, including the bubonic plague in the 1300s.

52. IV. Mongol Domination in China
B. Scientific and Cultural Exchange
1. Exchange of Goods
Between Yuan China and Il-khan Iran
China sent silks and porcelain west
Muslims oversaw engineering projects and weapons manufacturing of Yuan armies

53. IV. Mongol Domination in China
Exchange of Ideas
Chinese ideas and technology
- Astronomy, herbal medicine
Iranian ideas and technology
- Observatory, doctors and medical text

54. IV. Mongol Domination in China
Fall of the Yuan Empire
Collapse
Infighting among Mongol princes
Farmer rebellions
Zhu Yuanzhang led a military campaign that destroyed the Yuan Empire
Founded the Ming dynasty

55. IV. Mongol Domination in China
Legacy
Cultural diversity
Mongols, Muslims Jews and Christians remained in China
Mongols returned to Mongolia
Sense of Mongol unity

56. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, ( )
1. Mongol Domination
Korea’s leaders initially resisted the Mongol invasions
gave up in 1258 when the king of Koryo surrendered and joined his family to the Mongols by marriage.
The Koryo kings then fell under the influence of the Mongols,
Korea profited from exchange with the Yuan in which new technologies:
including cotton, gunpowder, astronomy, calendar making, and celestial clocks were introduced.

57. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
Koryo Collapse
shortly after the fall of the Yuan
replaced by the Yi dynasty.
the Yi reestablished local identity
restored the status of Confucian scholarship while maintaining Mongol administrative practices and institutions.

58. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
3. Yi dynasty
Technological innovations of the Yi period include:
the use of moveable type in copper frames, meteorological science, a local calendar, the use of fertilizer, and the engineering of reservoirs.
The growing of cash crops, particularly cotton, became common during the Yi period.

59. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
Military Technology
The Koreans were innovators in military technology.
Among their innovations were:
patrol ships with cannon mounted on them, gunpowder arrow-launchers, and armored ships.

60. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
Political Transformation in Japan
Attempted Mongol Conquest
The first (unsuccessful) Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 made the decentralized local lords of Kamakura Japan develop a greater sense of unity
the shogun took steps to centralize planning and preparation for the expected second assault.
The second Mongol invasion (1281) was defeated by a combination of Japanese defensive preparations and a typhoon
- Kamikaze – Divine Wind .
The Kamakura regime continued to prepare for further invasions.
As a result:
- the warrior elite consolidated their position in Japanese society,
- trade and communication within Japan increased,
- but the Kamakura government found its resources strained by the expense of defense preparations.

61. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
2. Collapse of the Kamakura Shogunate
The Kamakura shogunate was destroyed in a civil war
the Ashikaga shogunate was established in 1338.
The Ashikaga period was characterized by a relatively weak shogunal state and strong provincial lords
who sponsored the development of markets, religious institutions, schools, increased agricultural production, and artistic creativity.

62. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
Decentralization in Japan
After the Onin war of 1477,
the shogunate exercised no power
the provinces were controlled by independent regional lords who fought with each other.
The regional lords also carried out trade with continental Asia.

63. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
The Emergence of Vietnam
Political Division
Vietnam was divided between two states:
- the Chinese-influenced Annam in the north
- the Indian-influenced Champa in the south.
after the fall of the Yuan Empire, they began to fight with each other.

64. V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500
2. Independence and Unification
The Ming Dynasty ruled Annam through a puppet government for almost thirty years in the early 15th century
- threw off Ming control in 1428.
By 1500 Annam had completely conquered Champa
- established a Chinese-style government over all of Vietnam.