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Taxonomy and Classification
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Taxonomy – What is it? Branch of biology dealing with the identification, naming and classification of organisms
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Questions What does it mean to classify things?
What types of things are classified? Why do scientists classify organisms?
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Why Use Taxonomy? Categorizes organisms to:
show ancestor-descendent relationships show “relatedness” & similarity
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Cladogram
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Cladogram – Shows: a.) relatedness of species b.) evolutionary history
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Why scientific names? Q. What is the largest wild feline (cat) in the US? Mountain Lion Cougar Panther Puma Catamount
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All of the above Puma concolor
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Why scientific names? (cont)
Common names vary by region Scientists need to be clear when referring to living things
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Organization of Living Things
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Mnemonic Device “Dear King Philip Crossed Oceans For Good Sushi” Or
“Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”
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Classification Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia)
Order (Primates) Family (Hominidae) Genus (Homo) Species (sapiens)
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Before: Aristotle: Greek philosopher (394-322 B.C.) classified
organisms as either plants or animals.
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Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist (1707-1778)
Broadened Aristotle’s Classification System - known as the Binomial Nomenclature & it is still valid today!
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Naming Organisms Binomial Nomenclature: 2 part naming system
Ex: Homo sapiens Scientific name for humans
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Binomial Nomenclature:
First word = Genus name and must be Capitalized Second Word = species name and must be lower-case Both are underlined or written in italicized.
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DICHOTOMOUS KEY Tool used to identify things based on characteristics
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Domain: The broadest category used by most biologists.
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3 Domains Domain Bacteria-members are prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
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Domain Bacteria Some are: Aerobic: need oxygen
Anaerobic: die in presence of oxygen Autotrophic: produce own food Heterotrophic: get nutrition from other organisms
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Shapes: Cocci – circular shaped Bacillus – rod shaped
Spirilla – like a cork screw
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More bacteria in your body than there are people in the world!
AND Good bacteria is called normal flora!
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Domain Archaea: Domain Archaea-prokaryotes but more ancient
“extremophiles” can live in extreme conditions.
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Domain Archaea Found in: Boiling hot springs Salty lakes Thermal vents
Mud of marches (lack oxygen)
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Domain Eukarya: 3. Domain Eukarya- members include organisms from Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, & Kingdom Animalia.
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Domain Eukarya: Cells are eukaryotic: Contain a nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles Can be unicellular or multicellular.
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Taxonomic Systems Used to be a 5 Kingdom System
Now there is a 6 Kingdom System
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5 Kingdom System: OLD system
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6 Kingdom System
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What’s In Each Kingdom? Archaebacteria Unicellular (one cell)
Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Live in extreme conditions
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Archaebacteria Hot spring pool
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Kingdoms (cont.) Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic Common bacteria
Major Decomposers
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Classified: Eubacteria are classified by: Shape Need for oxygen
Whether or not they cause disease
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Eubacteria Yersinia pestis (plague) Life on a kitchen sponge
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Kingdoms (cont.) Protist Unicellular & multicellular
Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) Biological “junk-drawer” Not an animal, plant or fungus (lack 1 or more traits)
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Kingdoms (cont.) Categorized by how they get their food: Heterotrophs
Autotrophs Detritivores
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Protista Volvox Campanella Spyrogyra Amoeba
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Protists: Can be microscopic or very large.
Can reproduce asexually or both sexually and asexually.
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Kingdoms (cont.) Fungi Multicelluar & Eukaryotic
Live in decaying organisms or soil (detritivores) Absorb nutrients from other organisms Mushrooms, single-celled Yeast & Molds
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Fungi “Budding” yeast
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Kingdoms (cont.) Plant Multicellular & Eukaryotic
Autotrophic (make own food, photosynthesis) Aquatic & Terrestrial Cell wall contains cellulose Can reproduce sexually or asexually
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Plantae
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Kingdoms (cont.) Animal Multicellular & Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic (can’t make own food) Aquatic & Terrestrial Most motile at some point in life cycle
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Kingdoms (cont.) Cells are supported by collagen –protein unique to animals. All reproduce sexually.
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Animalia
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