1. Managerial Economics: Today’s Agenda Game Theory – Chapter 9 –“Strategery” – strategic interdependence –Cartels: Cooperation and Cheating –Auctions –Fun and Games –Sequential interactions –Holland Sweetener versus Monsanto, p. 245

2. Basic Ideas of Game Theory Game theory is the general theory of strategic behavior. ·Generally depicted in mathematical form. ·Plays an important role in modern economics. Optimal decision making when all decision agents are presumed rational each attempts to anticipate actions of rivals

3. Rules, Strategies, Payoffs, and Equilibrium Economic situations are treated as games.  The rules of the game state who can do what, and when they can do it.  A player's strategy is a plan for actions in each possible situation in the game.  A player's payoff is the amount that the player wins or loses in a particular situation in a game.  A players has a dominant strategy if that player's best strategy does not depend on what other players do.

4. Nash Equilibrium Occurs when each player's strategy is optimal, given the strategies of the other players.  A player's best response (or best strategy) is the strategy that maximizes that player's payoff, given the strategies of other players.  A Nash equilibrium is a situation in which each player makes his or her best response.

5. Prisoner’s Dilemma Famous example of game theory. Strategies must be undertaken without the full knowledge of what other players will do. Players adopt dominant strategies, but they don't necessarily lead to the best outcome.

6. Bonnie’s Decision Tree

7. Problems Facing Cartels Members must be convinced to come to coincidental interests. Production levels, or quotas, must be agreed upon. Profits must be divided to the cartel members’ satisfaction. Members who may cheat must be controlled. A cartel is a group of firms (members of the cartel) that try to collude to act like a monopoly and share the monopoly profit.

8. Market Demand and Industry Costs with Ten Firms MR P D Q

9. Market Demand and Industry Costs with Ten Firms MR P D MC AC MC AC Q

10. Market Demand and Industry Costs with Ten Firms MR P D MC AC MC AC Q $12 200

11. Market Demand and Industry Costs with Ten Firms MR P D MC AC MC AC Q $12 200 Competitive output and price

12. Market Demand and Industry Costs with Ten Firms MR P D MC AC MC AC Q $18 $12 120200 Competitive output and price

13. Market Demand and Industry Costs with Ten Firms MR P D MC AC MC AC Q $18 $12 120200 Cartel output and price Competitive output and price

14. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC

15. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC $12 20

16. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC $12 20 Competitive quantity and price

17. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC 12 $18 $12 20 Competitive quantity and price

18. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC 12 $18 $12 20 Firm A’s output and price with cartel agreement Competitive quantity and price

19. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC 12 $18 $12 2024 Firm A’s output and price with cartel agreement Competitive quantity and price

20. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC 12 $18 $12 2024 Firm A’s output and price with cartel agreement Firm A’s output and price if it cheats on the cartel agreement Competitive quantity and price

21. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC 12 $18 $12 2024 Firm A’s output and price with cartel agreement Firm A’s output and price if it cheats on the cartel agreement Competitive quantity and price

22. Firm A’s Output in the Cartel Q P MC AC 12 $18 $12 2024 Firm A’s output and price with cartel agreement Firm A’s output and price if it cheats on the cartel agreement Extra profits earned by cheating on cartel agreement

23. Cheating on a Cartel Cartel members' possible strategies range from abiding by their agreement to cheating.  Cartel members can charge the monopoly price or a lower price.  Cheating firms can increase profits.  The best strategy is charging the low price.

24. Restraint of Trade and the Antitrust Laws Antitrust laws make it illegal to restrain trade or attempt to monopolize a market. –Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 –Clayton Act of 1914 Executives face jail time for fixing prices or agreeing to limit competition.

25. Auctions Oral versus sealed bid First Price Auction – highest bidder pays his bid and receives object Second Price Auction –highest bidder pays the 2nd highest bid and receive object First and second price Auction –First and second bidders pay, high bid wins object

26. Rock, Paper, Scissors What are the elements of a game? What are elements of the rock paper scissors game? What is the Nash equilibrium strategies in this game?

27. Normal form of Rock Paper Scissors Knowing this, we can see without the complex math that to be indifferent to all 3 options both players should play Rock, Paper and Scissors in 1/3 of their games. Rock, Paper, Scissors

28. Seinfeld plays Kramer’s Rock, Paper, Scissors Payoffs: –Scissors cut paper (Scissors wins) –Rock smashes scissors (Rock wins) –But, rock flies straight through paper (Rock wins) –Both players play the same object results in a tie What are elements of Kramer’s rock paper scissors game? What is the Nash equilibrium strategies in this game? What does the rock paper scissors game teach us about baseball? Pitching? Hitting? Sitting “dead red?”

29. Auditing and malfeasance Employees determine whether and when to “Enron” by cooking the books or “Rigas,” the corporation and take a ”five-finger discount?” Auditors determine what receives higher or lower levels of scrutiny. Why is nobody steals and nobody audits not a Nash equilibrium? What are the key features of a Nash equilibrium in the auditing game? The Auditing Game is like Rock, Paper, Scissors

30. An Advertising Game Marlboro’ s Decision Advertise Marlboro gets $3 billion profit Camel gets $3 billion profit Camel gets $5 billion profit Marlboro gets $2 billion profit Camel gets $2 billion profit Marlboro gets $5 billion profit Camel gets $4 billion profit Marlboro gets $4 billion profit Don’t Advertise Don’t Advertise Camel’s Decision Does this game explain why Phillip Morris was so happy for the federal government to restrict tobacco advertising?

31. A Common-Resource Game Exxon’s Decision Drill Two Wells Drill Two Wells Exxon gets $4 million profit Texaco gets $4 million profit Texaco gets $6 million profit Exxon gets $3 million profit Texaco gets $3 million profit Exxon gets $6 million profit Texaco gets $5 million profit Exxon gets $5 million profit Drill One Well Drill One Well Texaco’s Decision

32. Why People Sometimes Can Cooperate Firms that care about future profits will cooperate in repeated games rather than cheating in a single game to achieve a one- time gain. Will ECON 600 students successfully form a cartel against Professor Spry? Will they all agree to turn in poor final exams, so that he will have to give everyone a large curve? –FYI, there is a reason past cartels to turn in blank exams have failed.

33. Sequential interactions Boeing & Airbus communications technology choice –Boeing chooses first Analyze with backward induction –Boeing must take Airbus’s best response into account in making its choice –Boeing has first mover advantage Credible commitment by second mover can alter first mover choice

34. Extensive form sequential game

35. Holland Sweetener versus Monsanto, p. 245 Construct the strategic-form payoff matrix or this strategic pricing problem. Find the Nash equilibrium. Now assume that the interaction is sequential where Holland Sweetner chooses to enter and if so they face the pricing problem in the second stage. Should Holland Sweetner enter? Why do you think Holland Sweetner entered? Were they just dumb or were there other potential considerations? Prior to Holland Sweetner’s entry into the US market, Pepsi and Coke began deemphasizing the NutraSweet label on their cans and bottles. Why do you think they did this? Explain how Monsanto had a “first-mover’s advantage.” Pepsi and Coke were the big winners in this case. Explain why.

36. Looking Forward Assignment 3 due Oct. 28, Nov. 1 or 2 Readings: –Managerial Economics Chapters 10 and 18 (pages 503-513) eBay.com, p. 275.