1. IN Intelligent Network Basic IN concept & technology
Some basic IN services

2. Intelligent Network (IN) Concept
The intelligent network concept: intelligence is taken out of exchanges and placed in computer nodes that are distributed throughout the network.
Intelligence => access to various databases
This provides the network operator with the means to develop and control services more efficiently. New capabilities can be rapidly introduced into the network. Once introduced, services are easily customized to meet individual customer's needs.

3. Intelligent Network (IN) Concept
Operator implements service logic (IN Service)
STP
SCP
Service Control Point
(a network element containing the service logic, a database or register)
MAP INAP CAP
SSP
Exchange
Service Switching Point
(enables service triggering in an exchange)
ISUP

4. IN service subscriber and customer
In a typical IN service scenario, the network operator or a 3rd party service provider implements the service for one or several subscribers, after which customers can use the service.
Service subscriber = company offering the service (e.g. the 0800 number that anybody can call)
Customers = those who use the service (e.g. those who call the 0800 number)
Confusion possible:
IN service subscriber  PSTN subscriber

5. Typical call-related IN procedure (1)3.
SCP 2. 4.
SSP 1. 5.
Exchange
Exchange
1. Call routing proceeds up to Exchange
2. Trigger activated in Basic Call State Model at SSP
3. SSP requests information from SCP (database)
4. SCP provides information
5. Call routing continues (routing to next exchange)
based on information received from SCP

6. Typical call-related IN procedure (2)3.
SCP 2. 4.
SSP 1. 5.
Exchange
Exchange
2. Trigger activated in Basic Call State Model at SSP
Typical triggers:
Called number (or part of number)
Called user (destination) is busy
Called user does not answer in predefined time

7. Typical call-related IN procedure (3)3.
SCP 2. 4.
SSP 1. 5.
Exchange
Exchange
4. SCP provides information
Example: Number translation in SCP
SSP sends 800 number ( )
SCP translates into ”real” number which
is used for routing the call
( )
translation may be based on several variables

8. Examples of how SCP can affect call (1)
Called number
SCP
Time or date
SSP
Exchange
Destination 1
Destination 2
SCP decides the destination of the call depending on the calling time or date:
=> Destination 1
=> Destination 2

9. Examples of how SCP can affect call (2)
Called number, Calling number
SCP
SSP
Exchange
Destination 1
Destination 2
SCP decides the destination of the call depending on the location of calling user:
Calling user in southern Finland => Destination 1
Calling user in northern Finland => Destination 2

10. Examples of how SCP can affect call (3)
Called number
SCP
Network load
SSP
Exchange
Destination 1
Destination 2
SCP decides the destination of the call depending on the traffic load in the network:
Traffic load situation 1 => Destination 1
Traffic load situation 2 => Destination 2

11. Additional IN features (1)
SCP
SSP
Exchange
Exchange IP
Intelligent Peripheral (IP) can (a) send announcements to the user (usually: calling user) and (b) receive DTMF digits from the user. IP is not a database; connection to exchange not via SS7, instead via digital TDM channels.

12. Additional IN features (2)
SCP
SSP
Exchange
Exchange IP
Typical applications:
1) Whenever services need user interaction
2) User authentication

13. User interaction in IN service
Announcement: “for this .. press 1, for that .. press 2”
SCP 1.
SSP 4.
Exchange
Exchange 2. IP 3.
1. SCP orders IP to select and send announcement
2. IP sends announcement to calling user
3. User replies by giving DTMF number(s) to IP
4. IP sends number information to SCP in a signalling
message

14. User authentication (1)
Announcement: “please press your PIN code ...”
SCP 1.
SSP 4.
Exchange
Exchange 2. IP 3.
1. SCP orders IP to select and send announcement
2. IP sends announcement to calling user
3. User gives authentication code (in DTMF form) to IP
4. IP sends authentication code to SCP in a signalling
message

15. User authentication (2)
Display message: “please press your PIN code ...”
SCP 1.
SSP 3. 1.
Exchange IP 2.
When connected to the network via a digital subscriber line, the calling user can be notified with a digital message (“please press your PIN code ...”) instead of having to use the corresponding voice announcement.

16. IN services
A large number of IN services can be implemented by combining different “building blocks”:
Called number translation (at SCP)
Routing decision based on calling number, time, date, called user busy, called user alerting timeout, network load ...
Announcements (from IP) or user notification (<= ISDN user signalling)
DTMF number reception (at IP) and analysis (at SCP)
Customised charging (at exchanges)

17. IN service examples “Traditional” IN services:
- Freephone / customised charging schemes
- Virtual Privat Network (VPN)
- Number portability
- Televoting
“IN” in mobile networks:
- Mobility management (HLR, VLR = databases)
- Security management (Authentication ...)
- Additional IN services in mobile networks =>
CAMEL (Customised Applications for Mobile
networks Enhanced Logic)

18. Freephone (800) service
User calls SSP sends this number to SCP which after number analysis sends back to SSP the real destination address ( ) and call can be routed to the destination. Called party is charged. 3.
SCP 2. 4.
SSP 1. 5.
Exchange
Destination
Charging: Destination (service subscriber) pays the bill

19. Premium rate service
User calls SSP sends this number to SCP which after number analysis sends back to SSP the real destination address ( ) and call can be routed to the destination. Calling party is charged. 3.
SCP 2. 4.
SSP 1. 5.
Exchange
Destination
Charging: Calling user (customer) pays the (usually rather expensive) bill. Both service subscriber and service provider or network operator make profit!

20. Virtual private network (VPN) service
A VPN provides corporate customers with a private number plan within the PSTN. The customer dials a private (short) number instead of the complete public number in order to contact another user within the VPN. User authentication is usually required.
Number translation: 1212 =>
SCP
SSP
Customised charging
Exchange
Destination IP
User authentication

21. Screening of incoming calls
This is an example of an IN service related to the call destination end. Alert called user only if calling number is or , otherwise do something else (e.g. reject call or redirect call to another destination).
Calling number = or : Accept All other calling numbers: Reject or redirect
SCP
SSP
Exchange
Called user
Local exchange of called user

22. Mobile terminated call (MTC)
By far the most important "IN service" is mobility management during a mobile terminated call (MTC), which means finding out under which exchange or mobile switching center (MSC) a mobile user is roaming, so that the call can be routed to this exchange. More about this later. 2.
HLR 3. 4. 5.
VLR 1. 6. 7.
GMSC
Serving MSC

23. More about IN and IN services…
The link provides some examples in Section 10 (AIN Service Creation Examples), for instance:
Example of service creation template:

24. Public Land Mobile Network (official name for mobile network)
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network (official name for mobile network)
Circuit-switched (CS) core network
(radio access network is not part of
this course)
Basic concepts and network elements
Mobility management in PLMN

25. Cellular concept
A cellular network contains a large number of cells with a base station (BS) at the center of each cell to which mobile stations (MS) are connected during a call.
If a connected MS (MS in call phase) moves between two cells, the call is not dropped.
Instead, the network performs a handover (USA: handoff). BS BS MS BS BS

26. Mobility concept
A cellular network is divided into location areas (LA), each containing a certain number of cells.
As long as an idle MS (idle = switched on) moves within a location area, it can be reached through paging.
Location Area 1
Location Area 2
If an idle MS moves between two location areas, it cannot be reached before it performs location updating.
Location Area 3

27. Architecture of a mobile network
CS core network
GSM BSS
MSC
GMSC
PSTN
VLR
HLR MS
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

28. Serving MSC CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR HLR
PSTN
VLR
HLR
The serving mobile switching center (MSC) is the mobile counterpart to the local exchange in the PSTN.
This is the MSC that is currently serving a mobile user.
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

29. VLR CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR HLR
PSTN
VLR
HLR
The visitor location register stores temporary information on mobile users roaming in a location area under the control of the MSC/VLR.
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

30. Gateway MSC CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR
PSTN
VLR
The gateway MSC (located in the home PLMN of a mobile user) is the first contact point in the mobile network when there is an incoming call to the mobile user.
HLR
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

31. HLR CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR HLR
PSTN
VLR
HLR
The home location register stores information on mobile users belonging to this mobile network (e.g. subscription data and present VLR under which the mobile user is roaming).
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

32. AuC CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR HLR
PSTN
VLR
HLR
The authentication center safely stores authentication keys (Ki) of mobile subscribers belonging to this mobile network.
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

33. EIR CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR HLR
PSTN
VLR
HLR
The equipment identity register stores information on stolen handsets (not stolen SIMs).
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

34. SIM CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC VLR SIM HLR
PSTN
VLR
SIM
HLR
Important mobile user information is stored in the subscriber identity module within the handset.
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

35. CS core network CS core network GSM BSS MSC GMSC
The CS core network architecture is basically the same in 2G (GSM) and 3G mobile networks.
In North America, IS-MAP signalling is used instead of GSM-MAP signalling.
Europe: GSM core network
N. America: ANSI-41 core network
PSTN
VLR
HLR
AuC
EIR
3G RAN
Internet
PS core network

36. Basic functions in a mobile network
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Number refers to following slides in the the slide set 1
Random access and channel reservation
Handover management
Ciphering (encryption) over radio interface
Mobility Management (MM)
IMSI/GPRS Attach (switch on) and Detach (switch off)
Location updating (MS moves to other Location Area)
Authentication 3 2
Call Control (CC)
MOC, MTC 4
Session Management (SM)
PDP Context
Later lecture

37. Range of functions RRM CS core network CC GSM BSS or 3G RAN MM SM
PS core network

38. Random access in a mobile network1
Communication between MS and network is not possible before going through a procedure called random access.
Random access must consequently be used in:
Network-originated activity
paging, e.g. for a mobile terminated call (MTC)
MS-originated activity
IMSI attach, IMSI detatch
GPRS attach, GPRS detach
location updating
mobile originated call (MOC)
SMS (short message service) message transfer

39. Random access in action (GSM)1
1. MS sends a short access burst over the Random Access CHannel (RACH) in uplink using Slotted Aloha (in case of collision => retransmission after random time)
2. After detecting the access burst, the network returns an ”immediate assignment” message which includes the following information:
- allocated physical channel (frequency, time slot) in
which the assigned signalling channel is located
- timing advance (for correct time slot alignment)
3. The MS now sends a message on the dedicated signalling channel assigned by the network, indicating the reason for performing random access.

40. Multiplexing vs. multiple access
In downlink, multiplexing (e.g. TDM)
Network decides channel…
In uplink, multiple access (e.g. TDMA)
Network decides channel also in this case
Multiple access is always associated with random access. MS requests signalling channel, and network decides which channel (e.g. time slot) will be used.

41. Security measures in a mobile network
1) PIN code (local authentication of handset
=> local security measure, network is not involved)
2) Authentication (performed by network)
3) Ciphering of information sent over air interface
4) Usage of TMSI (instead of IMSI) over air interface
IMSI = International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(globally unique identity)
TMSI = Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(local and temporary identity)

42. Basic principle of authentication2
SIM
(in handset)
Air interface
Network (algorithm running in AuC)
Challenge
RAND
Random number
Response
Algorithm
Algorithm
SRESS
Authentication key
Authentication key Ki Ki
SRESA
The same? If yes, authentication is successful

43. Where does the algorithm run?2
Algorithm for calculating SRES runs within SIM (user side) and AuC (network side). The authentication key (Ki) is stored safely in SIM and AuC, and remains there during authentication.
The two SRES values are compared in the VLR.
Air interface
RAND
SIM
AuC
SRESS
SRESA
VLR Ki Ki

44. Algorithm considerations2
Using output and one or more inputs, it is in practice not possible to calculate “backwards” other input(s),
“brute force approach”, “extensive search”
Key length in bits (N) is important (in case of brute force approach 2N calculation attempts may be needed)
Strength of algorithm is that it is secret => bad idea!
“Security through obscurity”
Better: open algorithm can be tested by engineering community (security through strong algorithm)

45. Case study: Location updating (1)3
(Most generic scenario, see van Bosse for details)
MSC
IMSI
TMSI
LAI 1
SIM
VLR 1
(in broadcast messages)
IMSI LAI 1
TMSI
HLR
MSC
IMSI
LAI 1
VLR 2
Most recently allocated TMSI and last visited LAI (Location Area ID) are stored in SIM even after switch-off.
After switch-on, MS monitors LAI. If stored and monitored LAI values are the same, no location updating is needed.

46. (in broadcast messages)
Location updating (2) 3
MSC
IMSI
TMSI
(in broadcast messages)
SIM
VLR 1
LAI 2
IMSI LAI 1
TMSI
HLR
MSC
IMSI
LAI 1
VLR 2
MS has moved from a cell belonging to VLR 1 to another cell belonging to VLR 2.
MS notices that the LAI values are different => location update is required!

47. Location updating (3) 3
MSC
IMSI
TMSI
SIM
VLR 1
LAI 1, TMSI
IMSI LAI 1
TMSI
HLR
MSC
IMSI
LAI 1
VLR 2
No TMSI - IMSI context!
SIM sends old LAI (i.e., LAI 1) and TMSI to VLR 2.
VLR 2 does not recognize TMSI since there is no TMSI-IMSI context. Who is this user?

48. Location updating (4) 3
Address: LAI 1
MSC
IMSI
TMSI
SIM
VLR 1
IMSI LAI 1
TMSI
IMSI
HLR
MSC
IMSI
LAI 1
IMSI
TMSI
VLR 2
However, VLR 2 can contact VLR 1 (address: LAI 1) and request IMSI.
IMSI is sent to VLR 2. There is now a TMSI-IMSI context.

49. Location updating (5) 3
MSC
IMSI
TMSI
SIM
VLR 1
IMSI LAI 1
TMSI
HLR
IMSI
TMSI
MSC
IMSI
LAI 1
LAI 2
VLR 2
LAI 2
Important: HLR must be updated (new LAI). If this is not done, incoming calls can not be routed to new MSC/VLR.
HLR also requests VLR 1 to remove old user data.

50. Location updating (6) 3
MSC
SIM
VLR 1
IMSI LAI 1
TMSI
LAI 2 TMSI
HLR
MSC
LAI 2
TMSI
IMSI TMSI
TMSI
IMSI
LAI 2
VLR 2
VLR 2 generates new TMSI and sends this to user. User stores new LAI and TMSI safely in SIM.
Location updating was successful!

51. Trade-off when choosing LA size3
If LA size is very large (e.g. whole mobile network)
location updating not needed very often
paging load is very heavy
If LA size is very small (e.g. single cell)
small paging load
location updating must be done very often +
High paging channel capacity required +
Affects signalling load

52. Role of TMSI CC or MM transaction UsesTMSI MS Network Random access
Authentication
IMSI is not sent over air interface if not absolutely necessary!
Start ciphering
CC or MM transaction
IMSI detach
New TMSI allocated by network
New TMSI stored in SIM

53. Mobile network identifiers (1)
E.164 numbering format
MSISDN = CC
NDC SN
Globally unique number
CC = Country Code (1-3 digits)
NDC = National Destination Code (1-3 digits)
SN = Subscriber Number
Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN) numbers are based on the ITU-T E.164 numbering plan and can therefore be used for routing a circuit-switched call.
When the calling (PSTN or PLMN) user dials an MSISDN number, the call is routed to the gateway MSC (GMSC) located in the home network of the called (mobile) user.

54. Mobile network identifiers (2)
E.164 numbering format
MSRN = CC
NDC TN
Temporarily allocated number
CC = Country Code (1-3 digits)
NDC = National Destination Code (1-3 digits)
TN = Temporary Number
Mobile station roaming numbers (MSRN) are also based on the ITU-T E.164 numbering plan and can therefore be used for routing a circuit-switched call.
The MSRN is selected by the MSC/VLR serving the called (mobile) user, sent to the GMSC, and used for routing the call from the GMSC to the serving MSC.

55. Mobile network identifiers (3)
E.212 numbering format
IMSI =
MCC
MNC
MSIN
Globally unique number
MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits)
MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits)
MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identity Number
(10 digits)
The international mobile station identity (IMSI) is based on the ITU-T E.212 numbering plan and cannot be used for routing a circuit-switched call (exchanges or switching centers do not understand such numbers).
The IMSI is stored in the HLR and SIM of the mobile user.

56. Mobile network identifiers (4)
E.212 numbering format
LAI =
MCC
MNC
LAC
Globally unique number
MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits)
MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits)
LAC = Location Area Code (10 digits)
The location area identity (LAI) points to a location area belonging to a certain MSC/VLR. This identity must be stored in the HLR so that mobile terminated calls can be routed to the correct serving MSC/VLR.
IMEI
≈ ”Serial number of handset” (not SIM)

57. Case study: Mobile terminated call (1)4
(see van Bosse for details)
Using the MSISDN number (dialled by the calling user located in the PSTN or the PLMN of another operator) and standard SS7/ISUP signalling, the call is routed to the GMSC in the home network of the called mobile user. 2.
HLR 3. 4. 4.
VLR 1. 5. 6.
GMSC
Serving MSC

58. Mobile terminated call (2)4
The GMSC contacts the HLR of the called mobile user. The SS7/MAP signalling message contains the MSISDN number which points to the mobile user record (containing IMSI, LAI where user is roaming, etc.) in the HLR database. 2.
HLR 3. 4. 4.
VLR 1. 5. 6.
GMSC
Serving MSC

59. Mobile terminated call (3)4
Using global title translation (GTT), the HLR translates the IMSI and LAI information into the signalling point code of the serving MSC/VLR.
The HLR sends SS7/MAP request “Provide roaming number” (i.e. MSRN) to the VLR. 2.
HLR 3. 4. 4.
VLR 1. 5. 6.
GMSC
Serving MSC

60. Mobile terminated call (4)
The VLR selects a temporary MSRN. Note that there must be binding between MSRN and IMSI in the VLR.
The VLR sends the MSRN to the GMSC (using SS7/MAP signalling). 2.
HLR 3.
MSRN  IMSI 4. 4.
VLR 1. 5. 6.
GMSC
Serving MSC

61. Mobile terminated call (5)4
Using the MSRN number and standard SS7/ISUP signalling, the call is routed to the serving MSC.
Although not shown in the figure, there may be intermediate switching centers (serving MSC/VLR may be located at the other end of the world). 2.
HLR 3. 4. 4.
VLR 1. 5. 6.
GMSC
Serving MSC

62. Mobile terminated call (6)4
MSC/VLR starts paging within the location area (LA) in which the called mobile user is located, using TMSI for identification. Only the mobile user with the corresponding TMSI responds to the paging via the random access channel (RACH). 2.
HLR 3.
MSRN  IMSI
IMSI  TMSI 4. 4.
VLR 1. 5. 6.
GMSC
Serving MSC