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Taiga or Coniferous Forest
Found in parts of Canada, Alaska, and Russia
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Taiga or Coniferous Forest
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Taiga Russian for “Mountain” Long, cold dry winters
Largest terrestrial biome Very short growing season Source of lumber, being logged at unsustainable rates
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Taiga or Coniferous Forest
Latitudes between 50ºN and 60ºN
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Taiga- Warmer and wetter than the Tundra
35 to 40 cm of precipitation yearly (mostly snow)
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Plants of the Taiga There is no permafrost, so trees can grow. Mosses and lichens grow on the forest floor. Examples: Cone-bearing Evergreen trees
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Plants of the Taiga Fir tree
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Plants of the Taiga Spruce tree
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Plants of the Taiga Hemlock tree
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Plants of the Taiga Liverwort (a moss)
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Plants of the Taiga Mosses
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Animals of the Taiga Many animals live in the Taiga.
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Animals of the Taiga Moose
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Animals of the Taiga Black bear
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Animals of the Taiga Lynx
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Animals of the Taiga Wolf
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Animals of the Taiga Badger
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Animals of the Taiga Wolverine
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
temperate deciduous forests have sufficient rainfall to support large populations of deciduous trees (lose leaves annually)
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
Found in Europe, the eastern part of the U.S.A., and China
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
Found below 50ºN latitude 75 to 150 cm precipitation yearly
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
Wide range of temperatures with 4 seasons Below freezing in winter to 30ºC in summer
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
Soil is rich in nutrients from layers of decomposing leaves
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Layers of Vegetation Canopy- tree tops that shade the ground below Understory- shrub layer Forest floor- dark and moist layer of dead leaves, twigs, and seeds
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Layers of Vegetation Canopy
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Layers of Vegetation Understory
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Layers of Vegetation Forest floor
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Life in the Temperate Deciduous Forest
The mild climate and rich soil of the temperate deciduous forest supports a wide variety of plant and animal life.
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Plant life is abundant.
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Oak tree
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Hickory tree
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Maple tree
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Shrubs (Azalea)
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Shrubs (Holly)
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Wildflowers
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Wildflowers
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Plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Ferns
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Animal life is diverse.
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Deer
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Fox
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Snakes (Eastern Garter Snake)
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Snakes (Copperhead)
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Black bear
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Birds (Bald Eagle)
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Birds (Barn Owl)
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Birds Woodpecker Cardinal
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Raccoon
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Amphibians Wood frog Leopard Frog
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Amphibians Spotted Salamander Jefferson Salamander
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Animals of the Temperate Deciduous Forest
Small Mammals Field Mouse Squirrel
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Tropical Rain Forest Found near the equator in Africa, South America, Australia, and the Pacific Islands
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Tropical Rain Forest Found near the equator
200 to 225 cm precipitation yearly
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Tropical Rain Forest Hot and humid all year
Temperatures are fairly constant around 25ºC
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Tropical Rain Forest Soil is nutrient poor and acidic
Most plants have shallow roots
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Tropical Rain Forest Layers of Vegetation
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Life in the Tropical Rain Forest
The tropical rain forest is a lush, productive ecosystem containing more than half of all the species that live on Earth.
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Plants of the Tropical Rain Forest
A rain forest may contain more than 700 species of trees and over 1000 species of flowering plants.
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Plants of the Tropical Rain Forest
Mahogany tree Notice how the roots rise above the ground to help support this giant tree!
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Plants of the Tropical Rain Forest
Bromeliads
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Plants of the Tropical Rain Forest
Orchids
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Plants of the Tropical Rain Forest
Giant ferns
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Plants of the Tropical Rain Forest
Flowering plants
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
The rain forest is home to a huge number of animals.
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Monkeys
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Exotic birds Toucan Parrots
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Exotic birds Cockatoo Hummingbird
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Snakes (Anaconda)
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Snakes Albino Ball Python Green Mamba
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Sloths
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Bat (Fruit bat)
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Insects Butterfly Beetle
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Large Cats (Jaguar)
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Large Cats (Sumatran Tiger)
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Large Cat (Ocelot)
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Exotic mammals Paca Peccary
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Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest
Exotic mammals Agouti Nutria
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Grassland
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Temperate Grassland
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Grasslands Grasslands also called plains or prairies Maintained by grazing (large herbivores) and periodic fires or become forest Most grasslands are converted to agriculture
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Grassland Grasslands are known by many names.
U.S.A. – Prairie or Plains Asia – Steppe South America – Pampas
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Grassland Wet seasons followed by a season of drought
25 to 75 cm precipitation yearly
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Grassland The soil is rich and fertile.
The grass has extensive root systems, called sod.
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Plants of the Grassland
Grassland regions of the world are important farming areas. Cereal and grains grow here.
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Plants of the Grassland
Wheat
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Plants of the Grassland
Rye
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Plants of the Grassland
Barley
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Plants of the Grassland
Corn
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Animals of the Grassland
The most noticeable animals in grassland ecosystems are usually grazing mammals.
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Animals of the American Grassland
Bison
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Animals of the American Grassland
Prairie Dog
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Animals of the American Grassland
Pronghorn
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Animals of the American Grassland
Coyote
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Savanna
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Savanna
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African Savanna Reduced rainfall with prolonged dry seasons Open grassland with scattered shrubs and trees Maintained by periodic fires Large herbivores and their predators dominate
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Animals of the African Savanna
Gazelle
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Animals of the African Savanna
Wildebeest
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Animals of the African Savanna
Lion
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Animals of the African Savanna
Elephant
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Animals of the African Savanna
Giraffe
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Desert Found on every continent. The driest biome on Earth
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Desert Extreme temperatures- Very hot during the day and cool at night
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Desert Very little rainfall Less than 25 cm precipitation yearly
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Deserts All great deserts at or near 30 degrees latitude N or S Other deserts on leeward side of mountain ranges Rain shadow effect: drier on leeward side of mountain Both cold and hot deserts Special adaptations by both plants and animals
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Deserts
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Desert The soil ranges from gravel to sand. Soil is nutrient poor.
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Plants of the Desert Desert plants and animals have evolved adaptations to help them survive in the extreme temperatures and dryness of this biome.
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Plants of the Desert Cactus Saguaro Prickly Pear
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Plants of the Desert Mesquite
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Plants of the Desert Joshua tree
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Plants of the Desert Wildflowers
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Plants of the Desert Creosote
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Animals of the Desert Lizards Desert Iguana Frilled Lizard
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Animals of the Desert Camel
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Animals of the Desert Snakes Diamondback Rattlesnake Sidewinder
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Animals of the Desert Scorpion
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Animals of the Desert Kangaroo rat
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Animals of the Desert Gila Monster
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Animals of the Desert Predatory birds Great Horned Owl Kestrel
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Animals of the Desert Tarantula
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Aquatic Biomes
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Aquatic biomes aquatic biomes occupy the largest part of the biosphere
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Aquatic Biomes The limiting factors in water biomes are:
Amount of salt (salinity) Amount of dissolved oxygen Sunlight
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2 Types of Water Biomes Freshwater Marine (Saltwater)
Rivers and Streams Lakes and Ponds Marine (Saltwater) Ocean Estuaries Seashores (tidal areas)
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Freshwater Biomes Freshwater contains little or no salt, so it has a LOW salinity. Flowing freshwater = rivers and streams Still Freshwater = lakes and ponds
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Freshwater Biomes Aquatic Communities Lymnetic Littoral Profundal
Benthic
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Freshwater communities
Four zones of life— littoral – shore, light reaches the bottom limnetic – top layer, light penetrates but doesn’t reach the bottom profundal – deeper water, light not as abundant Benthic - bottom
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Flowing Freshwater Streams
The faster a stream flows the greater the amount of dissolved oxygen in it. Faster water flows = oxygen
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Flowing Freshwater Streams
The fish that live in streams are adapted to fast moving water
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Flowing Freshwater Rivers
Water moves slower in a river and debris settles on the bottom. Because of this, rivers tend to have more nutrients and less dissolved oxygen. nutrients and oxygen
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Flowing Freshwater Rivers
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Freshwater Ponds Small, shallow bodies of water
Sunlight penetrates all the way to the bottom Most completely filled with plant material Very high amount of nutrients
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Freshwater Ponds
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Freshwater Lakes Larger and deeper than ponds
Plant growth is limited to the shoreline Sunlight does NOT penetrate to the bottom= no plants after a certain depth!
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Freshwater Lakes
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Water Biomes Plankton are microscopic algae, plants, and other organisms that float on the surface of water biomes. They need sunlight to survive.
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Water Biomes Phytoplankton are important producers in water biomes.
They are the first step in many aquatic food chains
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fresh water biomes have a salt concentration less than 1%, marine biomes > 3%
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Marine Biomes c. oceans cover 75% of earth’s surface and contain the marine biomes
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d. evaporation from oceans provides most rainfall
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e. oceans buffer temperature changes on land
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f. marine algae and bacteria consume large amounts of the world’s carbon dioxide and produce a major portion of the earth’s oxygen
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Saltwater Biomes About 95% of the water on Earth has a high concentration of salt. (High salinity)
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Saltwater Estuaries (Wetlands) Area where a river meets an ocean
Mix of salt and freshwater Located near coastlines, border land Extremely fertile Nutrient levels are higher than both salt and freshwater
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Saltwater Estuaries Chesapeake Bay
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Saltwater Seashores Tides have a huge influence on life here
INTERTIDAL ZONE- portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide.
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Intertidal Zone Can be sandy or rocky
Small fish, clams, crabs, other mussels are trapped in the TIDAL POOLS during low tide
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Intertidal Zone
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Saltwater Oceans 1. Photic zone- sunlight penetrates
Can be divided into 2 main life zones 1. Photic zone- sunlight penetrates 2. Aphotic zone- NO sunlight
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Photic Zone- above 200m Made up of the euphotic & disphotic zones
Sunlight penetrates Plant life and animal life is abundant
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Aphotic Zone- below 200m Sunlight DOES NOT penetrate
There are no plants Animal life is highly specialized
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Aphotic Zone- below 200m Many of the animals of the deep ocean have a special adaptation known as bioluminescence
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Benthic Zone Benthos Greek “depths of the sea”
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