1. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 1 Day: Wednesday 9 th November Session: 13.30 - 15.45 Speaker: Daniel Steudler Topic:Switzerland LAS

2. Bundesamt für Landestopographie Office fédéral de topographie Ufficio federale di topografia Uffizi federal da topografia Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model Dr. Daniel Steudler Swiss Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying

3. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 3 Table of Content Country description Positive aspects of country experience Negative aspects of country experience Building in the cadastre EU influence Three key improvements in the next decade Critique of the integrated model in context of Switzerland with a view to improving the LAS

4. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 4 SWITZERLAND 7.3 million people 41'290 km2 4.0 million parcels

5. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 5 26 Cantons … Cantons maintain political and administrative bodies on their own

6. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 6 … and 2903 Municipalities Cantons are further divided into municipalities

7. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 7 Organisations involved in cadastral system GovernmentFederal Parliament Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo) Federal Office for Justice Directorate of Cad. Surveying Federal Level Licensing Commission for Cadastral Surveying Cantonal Level 21 Cantonal Surveying Offices ~350 Cantonal and Regional Land Registry Offices 26 Cantonal Governments 26 Cantonal Parliaments Dept. for Defence, Civil Protection and Sports Department of Justice- and Police 7 Federal Departments COSIG Community Level ~15 City & Municipal Surveying Offices ~270 Private Licensed Land Surveying Offices Private Notary Offices Office for Land Registry and Real Estate Law Cadastral Surveying Land Registration

8. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 8 Organisation of cadastral surveying Organisation Confederation Canton Level Municipality Private Land Surveying Offices City Surveying Offices ~3000 employees Execution Cantonal Surveying Offices ~300 employees Operational management Tasks Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying ~15 employees Supervision, strategic management Contracts Office heads at all levels: have to hold the federal license for cadastral land surveyor Agreements

9. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 9 Legal basis and objectives Swiss Civil Code, 1912 Security of ownership, efficient land market, and mortgaging of real estates Objectives of the legislator:

10. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 10 Swiss civil code (in force since 1.1.1912) Art. 942 1 All rights on real estates have to be registered in the land registry. 2 The land registry consists of the main book with its associated maps, the auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners), the deeds (records and evidences), the description of properties, and the day book. Art. 950 1 Registration and description of the properties in the land register have to be done on the basis of a map, which as a rule, has to be the result of an official cadastral survey. 2 The Federal Council decides on which principles these maps have to be based upon.

11. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 11 Swiss cadastral system Land Register Cadastral Surveying main book auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners) deeds (records and evidences) description of properties day book

12. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 12 Legal act 1993, adding a new and extended purpose Art. 1: Definition and Objective Ordnance for Official Surveying (VAV, 1.1.1993) 1 In terms of the Civil Law, cadastral surveying is considered to be surveying – approved by the Confederation – for the purpose of operating the land registry. 2 The data of cadastral surveying shall serve as basis for the establishment and the operation of land information systems and shall be suited for public and private purposes. Verordnung über die Amtliche Vermessung (VAV, 1.1.1993) Art. 1 Begriff und Zweck 1 Als amtliche Vermessungen im Sinne des ZGB gelten die zur Anlage und Führung des Grundbuches vom Bund anerkannten Vermessungen. 2 Die Daten der amtlichen Vermessung sollen als Grundlage für den Aufbau und den Betrieb von Landinformationssystemen dienen und für öffentliche und private Zwecke verwendet werden können.

13. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 13 Basic principles of the cadastral system Partnership Confederation - Canton (- Communities) Public Private Partnership (PPP) Decentralized structure Free market, tendering Costs are borne mainly by Confederation

14. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 14 Conceptual elements of AV93 -Clear definition of the product -Independent information layers (link between layers only trough geographic location) - Freedom of methods and systems (as basis for tendering) -Standardized way of description and transfer of data (INTERLIS) iliitf

15. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 15 Data Model (UML) (Entity-Relationship-Diagram) Data Description Language INTERLIS (system independent) TRANSFER Data_Catalogue; MODEL Basic_Data_Set DOMAIN LKoord = COORD2 480000.000 70000.000 840000.000 300000.000; HKoord = COORD3 480000.000 70000.000 0.000 840000.000 300000.000 5000.000; Height = DIM1 0.000 5000.000; Precision = [0.. 300]; Reliability = (yes, no); LetterOrientation = GRADS 0.0 400.0; Status = (planned, valid); TOPIC Control_Points =......... END Control_Points; TOPIC Land_Cover =......... END Land_Cover; TOPIC Ownership = DOMAIN Monumentation = (border_stone, plastic_peg, cross, not_monumented); OwnershipType = (parcel, distinct_right, construction_right, water_source_ right); TABLE LimitPoint = OSKey: OPTIONAL -> OwnershipMaintenance; Identifier: OPTIONAL TEXT*12; Geometry: LKoord; PositionPrecision: Precision; PositionReliability: Reliability; Origin: OPTIONAL TEXT*30; SymbolOrientation: OPTIONAL LetterOrientation; !! Default: 0.0 IDENT Geometry; END LimitPoint; END Ownership. END Basic_Data_Set. Technical Elements 8 Information Layers (Possibility to realise the layers separately) Control points Land cover Single objects Heights Local names Ownership Pipelines >5bar Administrative subdivisions With this method of data modelling, the use and exchange of AV93 data is independent from the used GIS or software system. Standardized data modelling and cadastral data definition (introduced in 1993)

16. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 16

17. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 17 Possible future structure for LIS Land ownership, cadastre Land use planning Water protection Collective land rights Stakeholders (data owners) National government State government Local government Planning department Local government Corporations Local government Indigenous land rights Tribe, clan Environmental protection Environmental department Legal topic Noise protection spatial datatextual data Two preconditions: common data modelling concept common geodetic reference framework

18. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 18 Drilling the topics from different stakeholders Property parcel #: 1234 Building #: A445 Building permit: lease Easement: parcel 1235 Land-use zone: residential 2-floors Property parcel #: 1234 Building #: A445 Building permit: lease Easement: parcel 1235 Land-use zone: residential 2-floors

19. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 19 public law LIS / GIS private law 1912 Introduction of Civil Code 1993 Digital Standard AV93 2008 Full coverage 2005 New constitu- tional article about land information 20xx Trend of increasing purpose and content of cadastral system

20. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 20 Profession all surveyors active in cadastral surveying are required to have the licence –4 ½ years of academic education at ETH –2 years of practical work –practical exams for Federal licence (responsibility of Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying) professional associations ("Geosuisse" and "Ingenieur- Geometer Schweiz IGS")

21. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 21 Role of Private Sector (1/2) CadastralSurveying contracts with communities/cantons for the maintenance and updating of cadastral surveying data (acting agents for authorities) carrying out of projects for acquisition of AV93 data and renovation of old existing cadastral surveys LIS service to clients (public bodies of all levels, facilities companies, etc.) Main Tasks of Private Land Surveyors:

22. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 22 Role of Private Sector (2/2) Private SectorPublic Sector Two Partners: legislation (Federal and cantonal level) financing structure setting standards supervision co-ordination verification production maintenance service to clients innovation

23. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 23 Positive aspects of country experience Standardized data modelling approach right from beginning (1993) Independence of information layers allows much lighter data model, independent data ownership, acquisition and maintenance

24. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 24 Negative aspects of country experience Rather slow transition to fully digital data, coverage not satisfying (decentralized organization and funding) Horizontal cooperation between federal agencies not always positive (lack of leadership ?) Decentralized organization with 26 Cantons is not always efficient (although it ensures the link to the local government level)

25. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 25 Buildings in cadastre Today: buildings are traditionally part of cadastral surveying (as one element in land cover layer) Tomorrow: working group is studying 3D aspects (with a focus mainly on viewing, rather than registration of 3D objects)

26. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 26 EU influences Strong cooperation within Europe (D-A-CH, CLGE, GE, FIG, Eurogi, …) Increasingly involved in activities of EuroGeographics (in newly established "Expert Group on Cadastre and Land Registry" with 3 working groups) INSPIRE

27. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 27 Three key improvements in the next decade NGDI established and operational –supplied with all relevant data, above all cadastral data –complete coverage of cadastral surveying data –data sharing is taking place on large scale Strong focus on users and customers (key is: data, information, services  homogenization of data and fee structure) Overcome the drawbacks of Federalism, while retaining the benefits

28. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 28 Review of Swiss LAS with proposed model Sustainable Development Economic, Social, Environment Country Context Institutional Arrangements Land Policy Framework Land Information Infrastructures Land Administration Functions Land Tenure, Land Value, Land-Use, Land Development e-Citizenshipe-Government Federalism seems to be a hindrance for the development of e-government structures (first tests of e-voting / tax form on web / infrastructure for digital signatures not established) Although broadband penetration is very high, e-citizenship is not well established (not much of information available or when available, awkward to find and access) Seems to be in place, but neither politicians nor citizens are aware of its comprehensive character Very much in place on cantonal level, but not aggregated yet at national, federal level. The single LA functions are well established, and data are being shared. However, cross- administration cooperation could be improved. Is achieved, cadastre may soon be improved by accommodating public-right restrictions and responsibilities.

29. EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 29 Review of LAS model from a Swiss perspective Sustainable Development Economic, Social, Environment Country Context Institutional Arrangements Land Policy Framework Land Information Infrastructures Land Administration Functions Land Tenure, Land Value, Land-Use, Land Development e-Citizenshipe-Government Education, academic sector Regular review process of strategy and concept