1. Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan
BOT3015L Fungi
Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan
All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

2. Tree of Life Plants (embryophytes) Animals Endosymbiosis
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular
Animals
Endosymbiosis
Molecular evidence that both animals and fungi diverged from a common ancestor, likely a colonial protist
Choanoflagellate, colonial protist
Fungi (today)
Protists

3. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

4. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

5. Fungi are important Cooking and baking Beer and wine production
Cheese production
Antibiotics
Toxic waste cleanup
Antibiotic production (cyclosporin, penicillin)
Medical benefits (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory)
Parasites and diseases in animals (ringworm, aflatoxins)
Parasites and diseases in plants (powdery mildew, smuts, rot)
Decomposition and nutrient cycling
Mycorrhizal associations

6. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

7. Fungus Theme Slide BOT 3015 Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Zygomycetes
Notice that, based on molecular data, fungi are more closely related to animals than plants
Zygomycetes
From Outlaw lecture

8. Classification using sexual reproduction (more later)
* Formation of spores within
zygosporangium.
* No cross walls between cells.
Zygomycete
Basidiomycete
Ascomycete
Similar
Formation of spores in
ascus.
Formation of spores on
basidium.
Modified from Outlaw lecture

9. Some important characteristics of fungi
Eukaryotes
Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals)
Heterotrophic absorption
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Active transport

10. Absorption is the Fungal Mode of Nutrition
Fungi secrete enzymes (red symbol), which break complex molecules into smaller building blocks, such as simple sugars and amino acids (yellow symbols). The simple molecules are absorbed by the fungus.
MEMBRANE
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
Secondary active transport
Nutrients dilute relative to inside
Thanks to Robert Hebert for assistance in the preparation of this slide.
Modified from Outlaw lecture

11. Some important characteristics of fungi
Eukaryotes
Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals)
Heterotrophic absorption
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Active transport
Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms)

12. Filamentous hyphae Mycelium - mass of hyphae
Growth occurs at tips of hyphae
Some have partitions called septa
May be specialized
e.g. rhizoids anchor to substrate and haustoria absorb from living cells
Rhizopus (zygomycete) on strawberries

13. Some important characteristics of fungi
Eukaryotes
Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals)
Heterotrophic absorption
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Active transport
Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms)
Spores produced sexually and asexually
Sexual reproduction by zygotic meiosis

14. Characteristics of phyla of fungi
Phylum
Type of sexual spores
Representatives
Common plant diseases
Zygomycota
Zygospore in zygosporangium
Bread mold, endomycorrhizal fungi
Soft rot
Ascomycota
Ascospore in ascus as part of ascocarp
Powdery mildews, morels, truffles
Powdery mildew, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease
Basidiomycota
Basidiospore in basidium as part of basidiocarp
Mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts
Black stem rust of cereals, corn smut, root rot

15. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

16. Zygomycete life cycle
Modified from Outlaw lecture
Zygospore, distinguishing characteristic, is only diploid cell

17. Example of the asexual sporangiophore
Pilobolus (zygomycete)

18. Zygospores of Rhizopus nigricans
Gametangia
Zygospores
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image.

19. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

20. Ascomycete life cycle Distinguishing characteristics Karyogamy
Conidia of Nomuraea
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy

21. Asci lining the fruiting body of Peziza
Ascospores
Modified from Outlaw lecture

22. Appearance of prototypical ascomycete
From Outlaw lecture

23. Xylaria sp.
From Outlaw lecture

24. Common edible morel, Morchella esculenta (ascomycete)

25. Truffles World’s most expensive truffle White Alba Almost 3 pounds
$112, 000
Photo from Wikipedia
Black truffle
(Tuber melanosporum)
ascocarp (pictured) found beneath the soil surface

26. Botryosphaeria dothidea on Adina apple
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image.
From Outlaw lecture

27. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

28. Basidiomycete life cycle
From Outlaw lecture

29. Basidia and basidiospores
~50µm
~200µm
~100µm
Cross section of basidiocarp showing gills
Coprinus (basidiomycete) with vital stain

30. Basidia of Coprinus pileus
From Outlaw lecture

31. Basidia and basidiospores
Basidia at time of basidospore release
~25µm
4 basidiospores atop a single basidium
~10µm
SEM inky cap mushroom, Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete)

32. Polypore example
Polyporus arcularius

33. Shelf fungus example
Ganoderma applanatum

34. Puffball Calostoma cinnabarina

35. Netted stinkhorn Dictyophora duplicata

36. White-egg bird’s-nest Crucibulum laeve

37. Earthstar Geastrum saccatum

38. Corn smut Ustilago maydis

39. For a local collection go to Outlaw’s collection in the lecture series

40. Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes
The yeast growth form
Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ascomycete)
Filamentous form
Single-cell form
~25µm
~2.5µm
Budding, a form of asexual reproduction