1. Reformation Europe

2. Catholic Church Hierarchy:

3. Background Vocabulary:
Protestant
Someone who protested the Catholic Church
Reformation
When people demand changes
Indulgences
Certificates that take away sin
Church was selling forgiveness to take away sin

4. What is the Protestant Reformation?
The religious reform movement that divided the western (European) church into Catholic and Protestant groups.
The Protestant Reformation had major religious, economic, political & social effects on Europe.

5. Early Attempts at Church Reform
Major goal was to reform the Catholic Church
Erasmus - “philosophy of Christ”
stressed the inwardness of religious feeling not external practices
The Praise of Folly (1509)
criticized monks and popes
Luther’s ideas based on Erasmus

6. Causes of the Reformation
1. “Renaissance popes” were concerned with worldly matters more than spiritual matters.
2. Wealthy merchants challenged the Church (usury).
3. German & English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

7. Causes of the Reformation
4. The Catholic Church’s great political power and the wealth caused conflict.
5. Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
Indulgences
Sale of forgiveness of sin

8. Martin Luther ( )
Monk and professor at University of Wittenberg
Bothered by Catholic view of salvation
both faith & good works were needed to get salvation
Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to the conclusion that only faith was necessary:
SALVATION BY FAITH

9. 95 Theses
October 31, 1517
Luther sent a list of 95 theses (listing of abuses) in the Catholic Church
especially the sale of indulgences
Nailed list to church door

10. 95 Theses
Thousands of copies were printed and spread to all parts of Germany
Pope Leo X initially ignored Luther’s theses

11. Breaking with Rome
In 1520, Luther called for the German princes to overthrow the Catholic Church in Germany & establish a reformed German church
Christian humanists broke with Luther
Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in January 1521

12. Breaking with Rome Diet of Worms: Diet – council
Worms – town in Germany
Luther refused to recant
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms in 1521
Luther declared a heretic & outlaw

13. Breaking with Rome Luther was protected by
Frederick of Saxony & put into hiding at Wartburg Castle
while in hiding, he translated the New Testament into German
People could read in their own language

14. Lutheranism Luther gained the support of many German princes
The princes converted to Protestantism
ended papal authority in their states

15. Lutheranism Birth of the 1st Protestant Church Central beliefs:
Justification/salvation by faith (NOT good works)
Bible is the ultimate authority (NOT the Pope)
All humans are equal before God (Laity = Clergy)
Community of believers, not hierarchy of clergy

16. The Reformation in the German States
The success of the Protestant Reformation was tied to political affairs
Charles V
ruled an immense empire and wanted to keep under control of his family, the Hapsburgs
he wanted to keep it Catholic

17. The Reformation in the German States
War between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars –
Thirty Years Wars

18. Peace of Augsburg, 1555 No religious freedom or toleration
allowed the rulers of the German states to choose Catholicism or Protestantism for citizens
No religious freedom or toleration

19. John Calvin (1509-1564) Similar beliefs as Luther
emphasized all-powerful nature of God
Calvin believed in predestination
Predestination –God determines each person’s fate
“the elect” – those chosen for heaven
Faith revealed by living righteous life
Expanded Protestantism

20. French Wars of Religion
Calvinism and Catholicism became militant religions

21. French Wars of Religion
Many powerful French nobles became Protestants called Huguenots
Edict of Nantes (1598)
The Catholic Monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship

22. French Wars of Religion
Cardinal Richelieu
changed the focus of the Thirty Years War from
religious → political

23. Reformation in England
English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion

24. Reformation in England
Henry VIII
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
Wanted a male heir to throne
Divorced and remarried; broke with the Catholic Church
Formed the Church of England
Elizabeth I ( )
ended blood shed and united the Britain under the Anglican Church

25. The Catholic-Counter Reformation
Catholic Reformation mounted reforms to reassert its authority
3 Phases –
Council of Trent – Reforms
Jesuits – missionaries
Inquisition – Church court

26. Council of Trent
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs such as:
Salvation
source of religious truth
Sacraments
Celibacy
Indulgences
Establishment of seminaries

27. The Catholic Reformation
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world
Doctrine = key beliefs

28. The Catholic Reformation
Inquisition
Established to reinforce Catholic doctrine
Council of 6 Cardinals
Empowered to investigate, try & execute people for heresy
Pope Paul IV strengthened the Inquisition