1. The Cell
The basic unit of life

2. TAKS
Objective 2 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of living systems and the environment.

3. TEKS Science Concepts
B4 - The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things and have specialized parts that perform specific functions, and that viruses are different from cells and have different properties and functions. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
B3 - The student uses critical thinking and scientific problem solving to make informed decisions. The student is expected to:
(F) research and describe the history of biology and contributions of scientists.

4. Engage: Cell History Cytology- study of cells
1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke
Used a microscope to examine cork (plant)
Hooke called what he saw "Cells"

5. Cell History Robert Brown Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann
discovered the nucleus in 1833.
Matthias Schleiden
German Botanist Matthias Schleiden
1838
ALL PLANTS "ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS".
Theodor Schwann
Also in 1838,
discovered that animals were made of cells

6. Cell History Rudolf Virchow
1855, German Physician
" THAT CELLS ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS".
His statement debunked "Theory of Spontaneous Generation" 

7. Cell Theory
The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the modern CELL THEORY.

8. The Cell Theory states that:
1. All living things are composed of a cell or cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

9. Explore Plant vs. Animal Lab
You will observe different types of plant and animal cells under the microscope and record your observations.
Gel Cells for Diffusion
You will build a model of a cell to understand why cells when they reach a certain size stop growing.
Edible Model Cells
Using your textbook and other resources, you will make a model of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell using gelatin and other edible materials. The gelatin will represent the cell membrane/cytoplasm and other edible components will be representative of the cellular organelles.

10. Explain: Cell Diversity
Cells within the same organism show Enormous Diversity in:
Size
Shape
Internal Organization

11. 1. Cell Size
Female Egg - largest cell in the human body; seen without the aid of a microscope
Most cells are visible only with a microscope.

12. Cells are small for 2 Reasons
Limited in size by the RATIO between their Outer Surface Area and Their Volume. 
A small cell has more SURFACE AREA than a large cell for a GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM. 
This is important because the nutrients, oxygen, and other materials a cell requires must enter through it surface. 
As a cell grows larger at some point its surface area becomes too Small to allow these materials to enter the cell quickly enough to meet the cell's need.

13. Cells are Small Reason 2:
THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN) CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE CYTOPLASM.

14. 2. Cell Shape Diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.
THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON ITS FUNCTION.

15. 3. Internal Organization
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Organelles

16. Endoplasmic reticulum
Compare and Contrast
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

17. Prokaryotic Examples
ONLY Bacteria

18. Two Kinds: Plant and Animal
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Two Kinds:
Plant and Animal

19. Eukaryotic Example

20. Plant Cell Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic Vacuole reticulum (free)
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

21. Endoplasmic reticulum
Venn Diagrams
Compare and Contrast
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts

22. Internal Organization
Cells contain ORGANELLES.
Cell Components that PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL.

23. Cellular Organelles The Plasma membrane The boundary of the cell.
Composed of three distinct layers.
Two layers of fat and one layer of protein.

24. The Nucleus Brain of Cell
Bordered by a porous membrane - nuclear envelope.
Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein called Chromatin.
Rod Shaped Chromosomes
Contains a small round nucleolus
produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.

25. Ribosomes Small non-membrane bound organelles. Contain two sub units
Site of protein synthesis.
Protein factory of the cell
Either free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

26. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Complex network of transport channels.
Two types:
Smooth- ribosome free and functions in poison detoxification.
Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

27. Golgi Apparatus
A series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials out of the cell.
Works with the ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum.

28. Lysosomes Recycling Center
Recycle cellular debris
Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes.
Internal pH is 5.
Help digest food particles inside or out side the cell.

29. Centrioles Found only in animal cells
Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other.
Role in building cilia and flagella
Play a role in cellular reproduction

30. Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

31. Cytoskeleton Framework of the cell
Contains small microfilaments and larger microtubules.
They support the cell, giving it its shape and help with the movement of its organelles.

32. Mitochondrion Double Membranous It’s the size of a bacterium
Contains its own DNA; mDNA
Produces high energy compound ATP

33. The Chloroplast Double membrane Center section contains grana
Thylakoid (coins) make up the grana.
Stroma - gel-like material surrounding grana
Found in plants and algae.

34. The Vacuole
Sacs that help in food digestion or helping the cell maintain its water balance.
Found mostly in plants and protists.

35. Cell Wall
Extra structure surrounding its plasma membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria.
Cellulose – Plants
Chitin – Fungi
Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

36. Review A. The Discovery of the Cell 1.Robert Hooke 2.The Cell Theory
Section 7-1
Review
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1.Robert Hooke
2.The Cell Theory
B. Exploring Cell Diversity
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Internal Organization
C. Two types of cells
1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote

37. Cell Types (Review) Eukaryotic
1. Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
2. Rod shaped chromosomes
3. Found in all kingdoms except the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
Does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
Circular chromosome
Found only in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Kingdoms

38. Elaborate Modeling the Animal Cell
You will create a cellular game. By following the procedure, you will create a closed circuit using a battery, wires, paper spreaders, and an LED light that will turn on when they match up the organelle with its correct function

39. Evaluate
The students will create an edible cell model and correctly identify the location and function of at least 8 organelles.
The students will correctly match at least 10 organelles with their function, using the animal and plant cell model.
The students will draw and label both a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell. Pass/Fail
The students will complete a Venn diagram comparing both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells showing at least two differences.