1. Prokaryotic cell reproduction Binary Fission

2. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

3. Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis: cell reproduction for growth and replacement of
cells. This makes identical copies (clones)
Meiosis: cell reproduction for the production of gametes,
such as egg and sperm (sex cells)
How many chromosomes in a human cell such as a skin cell?
How many chromosomes in egg and sperm?

4. Human Karyotype
Is this person male or female?

5. 46 46 46 46 46 46 23 23 23 23 Mitosis One division Meiosis
chromosomes 46
chromosomes
replication 46 46
chromatids
chromatids 46 46
chromosomes
chromosomes 23 23 23 23
Mitosis
One division
Meiosis
Two divisions
chromosomes

6. Mitosis: cell reproduction for growth and replacement of cells
Mitosis: cell reproduction for growth and replacement of cells. This makes identical copies (clones)
What are some examples of mitosis in the body?
Cuts and scrapes
Embryonic growth
Aging
Stomach cells
What are some examples of mitosis in other organisms?
Asexual reproduction (budding and fragmentation)
Plants: growth of roots and stems
Regeneration (starfish arm, lizard tail)

7. 46 46 46 46 46 46 23 23 23 23 Mitosis One division Meiosis
chromosomes 46
chromosomes
replication 46 46
chromatids
chromatids 46 46
chromosomes
chromosomes 23 23 23 23
Mitosis
One division
Meiosis
Two divisions
chromosomes

8. Sister Chromatids Chromosome Sister Chromatids centromere
DNA Replication
Chromosome
Sister Chromatids

9. Phases in Mitosis Interphase: DNA replication
Prophase: chromosomes thicken, nucleus disappears
Metaphase: chromosomes line up at center
Anaphase: centromeres split, sister chromatids separate
Telophase: cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm

13. Applications of Mitosis?
Cancer = abnormal
growth of cells

14. Control of the Cell Cycle
MPF
is a protein
that triggers
mitosis.
Where is MPF
in high amounts
and in low
amounts?

15. Regulation of Cell Cycle
What controls cell reproduction?
MPF = Maturation Promoting Factor MPF = cyclin + cdk (cdc2) Protein Kinase = activates other proteins i.e. spindle fibers that move chromosomes
Two functions of MPF: 1. triggers mitosis 2. activates enzymes to breakdown cyclin (negative feedback)

19. Cancer
Transformation = process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell
Tumor = loss of cell cycle control = abnormal growth of cells
Benign = noncancerous, Malignant = cancerous
Metastasis = spread rate of a malignant cancer to locations other than their origin
(tumor cells enter blood vessels and travel to other parts of the body)

20. Meiosis: cell reproduction for the production of gametes, such as egg and sperm (sex cells)
Meiosis cuts the number of chromosomes in half
Meiosis occurs in gonads
Gonads are reproductive organs (such as ovaries and testes)
2 divisions 1st Meiotic division nd Meiotic division Interphase Prophase II Prophase I Metaphase II
Metaphase I Anaphase II Anaphase I Telophase II Telophase I

21. Homologous Pair (Homologous Chromosomes)
Chromosomes that carry genes in the same place for the same traits
One is maternal in origin (from the egg)
The other is paternal in origin (from the sperm)
Hair color
Eye color
hitchikers
earlobes
Skin tone
widow’s

22. 1st Meiotic Division Interphase: DNA replication
Prophase I: crossing over
Metaphase I: independent assortment
Anaphase I: homologous pairs separate, centromeres intact
Telophase I: cytokinesis

23. 2nd Meiotic Division Prophase II: reorganization, no crossing over
Metaphase II: chromosomes line up with centromere on line
Anaphase II: centromere splits, sister chromatids separate
Telophase II: cytokinesis