1. Parts of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

2. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of ____________.
2. Cells are the basic unit of __________ & __________ in an organism.
3. All cells come from the reproduction of ____________ cells.

3. CELL MEMBRANE MODEL
Phospholipids and proteins move laterally, or side to side, for short distances.
Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the fluid mosaic model.

4. NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUS NUCLEUS is:
Surrounded by nuclear MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR envelope.
Serves as the control CENTER OF CELL
Nuclear pores allow molecules in and out

5. NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUS CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL ( DNA)
Contains NUCLEOLUS
(Dark spot) which
makes ribosomes
(RNA)

6. NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUS
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics

7. Nuclear Envelope Double membrane surrounding nucleus
Also called nuclear membrane
Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus
Connected to the rough ER

8. CHROMATIN & CHROMOSOMES
DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in DIVIDING CELLS
DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in NON-DIVIDING CELLS

9. CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called actin and tubulin. FUNCTIONS:
Helps cell maintain its shape
Helps organelles move
around

10. LYSOSOMES Sac containing digestive enzymes
FUNCTION: Digests: food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
Plays a role in APOPTOSIS: “programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the ORGANISM

11. LYSOSOMES Cells take in food by phagocytosis
Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes

12. VACUOLE In plants, they store Cell Sap
STORAGE SPACE FOR:
In plants, they store Cell Sap
Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
Huge in PLANT cells, small in ANIMAL cells, NOT in BACTERIAL cells.

13. VACUOLE

14. CENTRIOLES
Bundle of microtubules made of PROTEINS called tubulin. (9+3 ring)
Only seen in ANIMAL cells during cell division
Function: largely unknown,
but they do assist in
cell division

15. CILIA & FLAGELLA
Made of PROTEINS called microtubules– tubulin also. organized in a “9+2” arrangement
that help with moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface

16. CILIA & FLAGELLA
CILIA: shorter& more numerous; look like short “hairs”
FLAGELLA: longer & fewer; look like “tails”; typically only 1-3 per cell.
FUNCTION (BOTH): cell movement, if cell is non-motile, moves fluid over cell surface Ex.- Cilia lining your windpipe sweep mucus containing trapped debris out of your lungs.

17. CILIA & FLAGELLA

18. Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs

19. RIBOSOMES
Can be FREE in the cytosol or ATTACHED to the surface of Rough ER
MADE OF rRNA (ribosomal) & PROTEIN
FUNCTION: MAKE PROTEINS

20. CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANE
Made mainly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and PROTEINS
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID BI-LAYER with POLAR heads facing OUT and NON-POLAR tails facing IN (to inside of bi-layer)

21. CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANE
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains

22. CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANE
Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
Proteins stuck into membrane = INTEGRAL PROTEINS
(can go part way in or all the way through)

23. CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANE
Membranes are selectively permeable/ semi-permeable when they allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out.
Cytoplasm/ cytosol is the “gel-like material + organelles” between nucleus and cell membrane

24. CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANE
OTHER MOLECULES:
GLYCOPROTEINS with attached CARBOHYDRATE tails to recognize self
Contain the steroid CHOLESTEROL to make membranes more flexible

25. MITOCHONDRION (plural: MITOCHONDRIA)
Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane. Contains its own DNA.
Called the “powerhouse” of cell
Burns food (sugars, fats, etc) to release energy.

26. MITOCHONDRION (plural: MITOCHONDRIA)
Stores energy
released as ATP.
Smooth outer
membrane
Folded inner
membrane = CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)  Cellular respiration happens in the inner membrane.

27. MITOCHONDRION (plural: MITOCHONDRIA)
More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria

28. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
Internal network of hollow membrane tubules.
Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane

29. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
ROUGH ER
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, while smooth does not.
Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make PROTEINS which are modified & exported.
FUNCTION ROUGH ER: Makes membrane proteins and proteins
for export out of cell

30. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported

31. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
Rough ER has RIBOSOMES on its surface, while SMOOTH does not.
Is attached to the ends of rough ER

32. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
SMOOTH ER
FUNCTION SMOOTH ER:
Makes cell products that are USED In the cell
Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

33. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Looks like a stack of flattened sacs.
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, and package substances from ER for transport out of cell OR for storage.
Have a shipping side (cis face) & a receiving side (trans face)
Receive proteins made by ER
Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends

34. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
CIS
TRANS
Transport vesicle

35. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

36. VESICLES Sacs made of membrane
Used to transport substances within the cell– protein from ER to Golgi to cell membrane, or to take in food (endocytosis) or get rid of wastes (exocytosis)
Disposable; pinch off of and fuse with other membranes in the cell.

37. VESICLES

38. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

39. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

40. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by double membrane Has its own DNA
Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane sacs called THYLAKOIDS contain CHLOROPHYLL where photosynthesis happens.

41. CHLOROPLASTS
Stacks of thylakoids called GRANA. Gel like material around thylakoids called STROMA.
FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

42. CELL WALL Found OUTSIDE the cell membrane.
Provides structure & support.
Cellulose in the cell wall makes plant cells sturdy.
Bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan instead of cellulose.
Made of chitin in Fungi

43. PROKARYOTES
Bacteria are the most common prokaryotic cell. They do not have a
nucleus, but do contain a single circular chromosome made of DNA, found in the NUCLEOID REGION.
Like all cells, bacteria are surrounded by a cell membrane which contains the gel-like cytosol of the cell.

44. TONOPLAST
Membrane that encloses the CENTRAL VACUOLE in a plant cell, separating it from the cytosol.

45. PEROXISOMES
Organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

46. PLASMODESMATA
An open channel in the cell wall of PLANTS through which strands of CYTOSOL connect from adjacent cells.

47. CENTROSOME
Present in cytosol of all eukaryotic cells; important during cell division; the MICROTUBULE organizing center.