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Cellular Structure SOL BIO 4.a-c
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Cell Theory The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
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Cell Characteristics Cells contain specialized structures to perform functions necessary for life. Cellular activities necessary for life include chemical reactions that facilitate: acquiring energy reproduction adaptation maintaining homeostasis
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Cell Characteristics The basic processes necessary for living things to survive are the same for a single cell as they are for a more complex organism. A single-celled organism has to conduct all life processes by itself. A multi-cellular organism has groups of cells that specialize to perform specific functions.
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Cell Characteristics All cells contain: Genetic material
single circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the cells interior Plasma membrane encloses the cell – phospholipid bilayer Phospholipids Membrane proteins
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Cell Types Cell structure is one of the ways in which organisms differ from each other. 2 Types of Cells Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Prokaryotic Cells Earth’s first cells were prokaryotes.
The simplest life forms are the prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells exist in two major forms: eubacteria and archaebacteria.
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Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are the Earth’s most abundant inhabitants. They can survive in a wide range of environments and obtain energy in a variety of ways.
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Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Bacteria and related microorganisms are prokaryotes
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Prokaryotic Cells Some use flagellum for locomotion
ALL are UNICELLULAR Bacterial cell wall Rotary motor Flagellum Sheath
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Generalized Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryote Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes and developed into larger more complex organisms. Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Eukaryote Can be both unicellular or multi-cellular
Examples of eukaryotes are: All fungus, plant, and animal cells
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Generalized Eukaryotic Cell
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Cell Size Most cells are relatively small because as size increases, volume increases much more rapidly. longer diffusion time
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Visualizing Cells
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Nucleus Stores genetic material Contains DNA site where RNA is made
Nucleolus: Chromatin and ribosomal subunits Nuclear envelope: Double membrane with pores Largest organelle BRAIN of the cell – controls protein synthesis
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Nucleus
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Nucleus
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Nucleus
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Ribosomes Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA. site of protein synthesis assembled in nucleolus
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Ribosomes They can be found alone in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Alone in cytoplasm- makes proteins for use within the cell Attached to RER- makes proteins for export out of the cell
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Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic reticulum
transports materials through the cell Rough ER - studded with ribosomes Attached to nuclear membrane site of protein synthesis and processing Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Golgi apparatus collection of Golgi bodies Stacked flattened sacks
Site where cell products are packaged for export Proteins are modified by being combined with fats or carbohydrates
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Golgi apparatus Vesicles then pinch off from the Golgi body to be secreted (outside the cell) Involved in the production of lysosomes
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus Proteins Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Protein
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Golgi apparatus Proteins Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Protein Migrating transport vesicle Vesicle budding from rough endoplasmic reticulum Fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus Ribosome
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Lysosomes vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion of food particles, disease causing bacteria and worn out cell parts
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Food vesicle Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Transport vesicle Old or damaged organelle Plasma membrane Digestion of food particles or cells Breakdown of old organelle Extracellular fluid
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Vacuoles Found in PLANT and ANMAL cells
The vacuole acts a container, storing water and dissolved particles Plants have a large central vacuole for water storage Unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for movement
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Organelles With DNA Mitochondria Chloroplasts site of cell respiration
site of photosynthesis
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Mitochondria "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular metabolism
Structure- outer and inner membranes, cristae Found in both plant and animal cells Very active cells have more mitochondria
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Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria Contain green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis Found ONLY in PLANTS
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Cell Membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell
Found in ALL cells Phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins, and cholesterol (for flexibility)
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Cell Wall provides support Found in PLANT and BACTERIA cells
Made from cellulose
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Cytoskeleton Long slender protein tubes and fibers that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements responsible for cell shape, movement within the cell, and movement of the cell: Actin filaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments
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Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements :
Actin filaments
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Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements:
Microtubules
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Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements:
Intermediate filaments
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Cytoskeleton
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Centrioles Cylindrical structures found near the nucleus
Made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles Important in cell division Found ONLY in ANIMAL cells
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Plant vs. Animal Cells PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL Cell membrane Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Nucleus Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes HAVE: Cell Wall LARGE vacuoles Chloroplasts DO NOT HAVE: Centrioles HAVE: Centrioles DO NOT HAVE: Cell Wall LARGE vacuoles Chloroplasts
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Plant Cell
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Endosymbiosis Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria.
Endosymbiosis theory suggests that eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between various prokaryotes. Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria. Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts. Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell.
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Endosymbiosis Prokaryotic cell is engulfed Eukaryotic cell Symbiosis
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 2 plasma membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 3 plasma membrane nuclear envelope nucleus endoplasmic reticulum Cell has a nucleus and other organelles. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 4 plasma membrane aerobic bacterium Cell has mitochondria. nuclear envelope nucleus endoplasmic reticulum Cell has a nucleus and other organelles. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 5 spirochete Animal cell has a flagellum. plasma membrane aerobic bacterium Cell has mitochondria. nuclear envelope nucleus endoplasmic reticulum Cell has a nucleus and other organelles. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 6 spirochete Animal cell has a flagellum. plasma membrane aerobic bacterium Cell has mitochondria. nuclear envelope nucleus endoplasmic reticulum Cell has a nucleus and other organelles. Plant cell has chloroplasts. cyanobacterium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Cell Differentiation Cell specialization occurs during the development of a multi-cellular organism. The genetic information necessary for all cellular functions remains in each cell but may not be used.
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