1. Cells

2. All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of life
Unicellular organism
Multicellular organism

3. Organisms Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms
tree
human
Organ systems
Organs
leaf
stem
brain
heart
Tissues
leaf tissues
cardiac
tissue
Cells
nerve cell
Molecules
DNA molecules
Atoms
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4. Most cells are between 10 and 100 microns
Cells = 10,000 to 100,000 times smaller than us
Atoms = 100,000 to 1,000,000 times smaller than cells

5. Every cell has: Cell membrane
layer that surrounds the cell
Cytoplasm semi-fluid substance inside the cell
Organelles
small structures or compartments inside the cell

6. Cell Membrane Functions: Characteristics:
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Protects the cell from the environment
Maintains an internal environment different than that outside the cell.
Characteristics:
Selectively – permeable: only some substances can pass through
Made of a bi-layer of phospholipids embedded with proteins

7. Some proteins act as channels through which certain molecules can pass
Phospholipid bilayer

8. Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane:
The phospholipids can flow around each other in most parts of the cell membrane

9. Organelles are divided into two groups:
Membranous
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles, vacuoles
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Non Membranous:
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton (microtubules, filaments)
Centrioles
Cilia and flagella

10. Membranous Organelles The nucleus
Functions:
Controls the activities of the cell
Stores hereditary material (DNA) that is passed on to the next generation

11. Parts of the Nucleus: Nuclear envelope: double membrane
separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm
has nuclear pores (openings) that control what leaves and enters the nucleus

12. Parts of the Nucleus: Chromatin Nucleolus:
long, threadlike form of chromosomes
Made of DNA and proteins wound together
Carries genetic information
Contains the instructions for the cell activities
Nucleolus:
dark region of chromatin
Site of ribosome production

13. Electron micrograph of a cell

14. Endoplasmic reticulum
Sets of membranes connected to nuclear and plasma membranes
Functions:
Site of synthesis of organic molecules (esp. proteins)
Transport of materials around the cytoplasm

15. Endoplasmic reticulum
Two types:
Rough ER – ribosomes attached
Smooth ER – no ribosomes attached
Ribosomes: Structures made of RNA found on rough ER and in cytoplasm
Function:
Site of protein synthesis

16. Golgi apparatus:
Stack of membranes that package newly-synthesized molecules [from ER] and distributes to other parts of cell or out of cell 

17. Vesicle: membrane bound sac used for transportation of molecules into and out of a cell

18. Membrane bound sac used for storage
Vacuole:
Membrane bound sac used for storage
-enzymes
-water
-starch
-wastes
-lipids

19. Lysosomes:
Specialized vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes to digest large molecules
Usually double walled to protect cell
Important part of programmed cell death called apoptosis

20. Intracellular conversion: Information and products flow from : Nuclear membrane  ER  Golgi  Vesicle  Plasma membrane

21. Getting molecules out:
Vesicles carrying products of the cell fuse with the cell membrane

22. Mitochondria:
Function:
site of aerobic respiration (breaking down of food molecules to release energy)
Also called the “powerhouse” of the cell

23. Structure of a Mitochondria:

24. Chloroplasts: Function:
site of photosynthesis (process in which light energy is used to make food)
Found in plants, algae and some protists

25. Structure of Chloroplast:

26. Non-membranous Cytoskeleton
Provides internal structural support and allows the cell and organelles to move
Includes protein filaments (rods) and microtubules (small hollow tubes)

27. Organizes the chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles:
Non-membranous
Two structures found close to the nucleus at right angles to each other
Organizes the chromosomes during cell division
Not found in plant cells

28. Cilia and flagella:
Used to move fluids across the cell surface or move the entire cell
Cilia are short and cover more of the cell membrane
Flagella are long whip-like structures

29. What are the three parts all cells have?
Plasma membrane or cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
What are the two groups of organelles?
Membranous Organelles:
Non-membranous Organelles:

30. Name the Membranous Organelles:
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles, vacuoles
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Name the Non-membranous Organelles:
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton (microtubules, filaments)
Centrioles
Cilia and flagella

31. Cellular Organelles vacuole Nucleus centrioles mitochondrium Rough ER
Smooth ER
lysosomes
Golgi

32. There are three large groups of living organisms called Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdoms
Animals
Plants
Protists
Fungi

33. There are three domains of living organisms
They are differentiated by their cell type, organelles and biochemistry
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
Animals
Plants
Protists
Fungi
Eukaryotic cells

34. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus – DNA contained within a membrane
Membranous and non membranous Organelles
Large (10 – 100 μm)
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Some with cell walls, some without
Prokaryotic (bacteria)
No nucleus- DNA in cytoplasm (nucleoid)
Few organelles (cell membrane, ribosomes, flagella
Small [same size of organelles; 1 – 10 μm ]
Unicellular
Cell wall

35. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell

36. The four kingdoms of Eukarya
(Cells contain nucleus)
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae

37. Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Plantae Multicellular
Autotrophic (chloroplasts)
Cell wall (cellulose)

38. Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular (cells are held together by collagen)
Heterotrophic
No cell wall

39. Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Multicellular
Multinucleated (several nuclei)
Cell wall (Chitin)
Heterotrophic
Spores used for reproduction

40. Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Protista Artificial Group
Unicellular, Colonial or multicellular
Auto/Heterotrophic
Variable cell walls (silica, cellulose, chitin, no cell wall)