Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byDonna Gallant Modified over 9 years ago
2
Vectors and Scalars Scalars have magnitude only e.g. mass, speed, distance Vectors have magnitude and direction e.g. force of 10 N to the left.. Velocity, displacement, weight,acceleration…….
3
Adding Vectors Vectors are represented by arrows : 10 N to left or - 10 N 20 N to the right or + 20 N Resultant is +20 + - 10 = +10 N
4
Adding Vectors Add the vectors : 6 N north plus 8 N to the East. Draw a Vector diagram, add the vectors Head to Tail. Use Pythagoreus or scale diagram to calculate resultant. Use trig or measure angle ø North ø 10 N on a bearing of 053 0
5
Velocity and Displacement Displacement ( vector ) : Distance as the crow flies from start to finish plus the direction
6
Velocity and Displacement A student walks 3 km north then 3 km west. North Distance travelled = 3 + 3 + 6 km. Displacement is resultant of vector addition = 315 0 from north to finishing point
7
Acceleration Rate of change of velocity : Vector
8
Graphs Slope of velocity time graph is acceleration Area under velocity time graph is displacement Slope of displacement time equals velocity Velocity / acceleration / displacement downwards normally negative
9
Equations of Motion
10
Projectile Motion Horizontal and vertical motion Ignore spin and friction : horizontal velocity remains constant Vertical velocity subject to gravitational force
11
Projectile Motion Consider vertical motion v t Ball falling vertically. Accelerates at - 9.8 ms -2 a t
12
Projectile Motion Consider horizontal motion v t Ball travels at constant horizontal velocity
13
Projectile Motion Combine both motions : Horizontal velocity remains constant BUT the vertical velocity increases at a rate of 9.8 m s -2
14
Forces Force is a push or a pull Forces change the speed, shape or direction of an object Unbalanced forces cause vehicle to accelerate ( velocity changes ) I N causes a vehicle of mass 1 kg to accelerate at 1 m s -2
15
Newton’s Second Law of Motion F un = m. A Man in lift ! Weight F g Reaction force of floor on man F r F g > F r therefore unbalanced force, F un acts downwards
16
Newton’s Second Law of Motion F un = m. A Man in lift ! Weight F g Reaction force of floor on man F r F r > F g therefore unbalanced force, F un acts upwards
17
Newton’s Second Law of Motion Vehicles accelerate to right at 2 m s -2 Force transmitted through towbar accelerates car at 2 m s -2 = m. a = 1000 x 2 = 2 000 N Total force applied accelerates tractor and car at 2 m s -2 = m. a = 6000 x 2 = 12 000 N 1000 kg 5000 kg
18
Conservation of Energy E p to E k Work done against friction
19
Momentum Product of mass and velocity Vector units kg ms -1 or N s p = m.v
20
Momentum Momentum is conserved provided NO external forces act Elastic collision E k is conserved Inelastic collision E k is ‘lost’ Explosion E k is ‘gained’
21
Impulse This is called the impulse of the force and it equals the change in momentum
22
Impulse In collisions the bigger the collision time the smaller the force acting and the less damaged caused. Crumple zones on cars increase the collision time. Force time Area under graph = change in momentum
23
Density Mass per unit volume 1 g per cm 3 1 kg per m 3
24
Density Densities of solids and liquids are approx 1000 times greater than gases. Particle spacing in a gas is approx 10 times greater than in a solid If a solid is made up of millions of cubes then each cube would contain 1000 particles ( 10 x 10 x 10 ) but a gas would only contain 1 particle per cube hence density of solid is c.a. 1000 times that of gas
25
Pressure Pressure = Force Area (1 N/m 2 = 1 Pascal )
26
Pressure in Liquids Pressure in liquids acts in all directions
27
Greater the depth the greater the weight of liquid Greater the density of liquid the greater the weight acting at the same height Greater g greater the weight P = ρ.g.h
28
Buoyancy F gravity F upthrust Pressure on bottom of sub > pressure on top Pressure = force acting per unit area Hence force acting on bottom surface > force acting on top Unbalanced force acts upwards : called Upthrust or Buoyancy Force
29
Kinetic Theory of Gases Matter is made of small particles Particles are different sizes for different elements Particles cannot be compressed Particles are always moving At same temp ALL particles have the same kinetic energy ALL collisions are ELASTIC
30
Kinetic Theory of Gases Gas exerts a pressure because the particles hit wall of container ( pressure = force per unit area ) Pressure depends on number of collisions per second force acting per collision ( actually change in momentum )
31
Kinetic Theory of Gases As Temp increases the E k of particles increases, they hit the wall with a bigger force and more frequently hence pressure increases As volume decreases the number of collisions per second increases and the average force acting increases : pressure increases
32
Absolute Zero At 0 Kelvin, particles of a gas would have NO kinetic energy and would be stationary. This is the lowest temperature in the universe. 0 K = - 273 0 C 0 0 C = 273 K A temp difference of 1 K equals a temp difference of 1 0 C
33
Gas Laws
34
Pressure Volume At constant Temperature
35
Pressure Temperature At Constant Volume
36
Volume Temperature At Constant Pressure
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.